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Revision help links - separate science AQA GCSE 9-1 Chemistry PAPER 1

AQA 9-1 GCSE CHEMISTRY - separate science GCSE chemistry

ALL MY GCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES

Revision summary help for the 9-1 AQA GCSE CHEMISTRY 1st Exam Paper 1 learning objectives for (re-edit)

AQA GCSE chemistry 8462/1F 8462/1H chemistry 1 2020 exam paper onwards

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) CHEMISTRY 8462 Paper 1 Chemistry 1 1F 1H papers - AQA (Grade 9-1) GCSE CHEMISTRY Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table", Topic 2 "Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter", Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry", Topic 4 "Chemical changes", Topic 5 "Energy changes"

LINK for AQA 9-1 GCSE CHEMISTRY 2 paper 2

LINK for AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy chemistry paper 1

LINK for  AQA GCSE Combined Science Trilogy chemistry paper 2

GCSE Chemistry Revision notes

This is a BIG website, you need to take time to explore it [SEARCH BOX]

Use your mobile phone 'landscape' orientation?

email doc brown - query? or comment?

 For ALL other exam papers, use and bookmark the link below

INDEX for all links

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY THE FOLLOWING POINTS before using my AQA 9-1 GCSE science pages

  1. ALL my unofficial GCSE (Grade 9-1) revision help summaries are based on the NEW 2016 official AQA (Grade 9-1) GCSE CHEMISTRY/combined science trilogy chemistry specifications.

  2. Make sure you know whether you are doing separate science AQA GCSE grade 9-1 CHEMISTRY OR AQA GCSE grade 9-1 Combined Science Trilogy chemistry and double check your exam table from school, college or academy.

  3. Also, make sure you know whether you are entered for a higher tier (HT) or a foundation tier (FT) AQA GCSE science-chemistry course, so watch out for the (HT only) 'markers'.

  4. I hope my revision pages help as you get to know my website, its very big and not always easy to navigate, but it is no substitute for making good lesson notes, trying your best on homework questions, studying your textbook, doing past papers of AQA GCSE combined science/chemistry for exam question practice and, above all, attentive to your teacher's teaching!

  5. I know from feedback that my gcse science summary revision pages have proved useful but they do not guarantee a high grade, that all depends on you and the factors mentioned in point 4. above. Please note that my GCSE science revision pages are designed to be used for online convenience, so, beware, printouts could be quite long!
  6. It is really important that YOU cross-check, from my web pages, the learning objectives from the syllabus-specification with YOUR own lesson/revision notes and textbooks for YOUR AQA GCSE 9-1 chemistry course.
  7. If you think there is any ERROR in my multiple choice chemistry quizzes PLEASE EMAIL me the URL quiz link and quote the reference number in square brackets at the end of the question e.g. [xx-yy]. Some quizzes, particularly the compilations, are quite large and take some time to download.
  8. 'Doc b's chemistry' is a big website so the Google [SEARCH] box at the bottom of each index or revision notes page can be VERY USEFUL - sometimes its better than the indexes for finding things!

  9. Links to specific GCSE chemistry notes and quizzes about the topic in question have been added, and from these pages, you may find other links to more useful material linked to the topic.

  10. When it comes to the final exam papers, at that point, YOU ARE THEN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GRADE YOU ACHIEVE, not your teachers or me or my website (which isn't perfect!), so make sure you are properly prepared!

  11. If there is anything about the website you are unhappy with, or you think there is an error, or you think something hasn't been covered adequately, please politely email me with your query to chem55555@hotmail.com

  12. NOTE on grades: Foundation Tier FT grades 1 to 5  and  Higher Tier HT grades 4 to 9. In terms of old grades the following is an approximate comparison: grades 7-9 (A-A*), 4-6 (C-B), 1-3 (G-D), U (U) (from OFQUAL Jan 2018)


Syllabus-specification CONTENT INDEX of revision summary notes

(for separate science AQA GCSE chemistry)

Revision summaries for Paper 1  AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 (this page)

(for separate science AQA GCSE chemistry)

What's assessed in this paper?

SUMMARY Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 1.1 A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes

Topic 1.2 The periodic table

Topic 1.3 Properties of transition metals

SUMMARY Topic 2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

Topic 2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

Topic 2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

Topic 2.4 Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles

SUMMARY Topic 3 Quantitative chemistry   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 3.1 Conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations

Topic 3.2 Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

Topic 3.3 Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions

Topic 3.4 Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3

Topic 3.5 Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases

SUMMARY Topic 4 Chemical changes   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 4.1 Reactivity of metals

Topic 4.2 Reactions of acids

Topic 4.3 Electrolysis

SUMMARY Topic 5 Energy changes   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Topic 5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells


Revision summaries for Paper 2  AQA GCSE Chemistry 2  

(separate page, separate science AQA GCSE chemistry)

What's assessed in this paper?

SUMMARY Topic 6 The rate and extent of chemical change  (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 2 paper 2)

SUMMARY Topic 7 Organic chemistry  (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 2 paper 2)

SUMMARY Topic 8 Chemical analysis  (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 2 paper 2)

SUMMARY Topic 9 Chemistry of the atmosphere  (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 2 paper 2)

SUMMARY Topic 10 Using resources   (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 2 paper 2)


SUBJECT CONTENT of the syllabus-specification:

TOPICS for Paper 1  AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 and  Paper 3 Chemistry 1

A page of important ideas, concepts and definitions for chemistry students


Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table   

 (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know the periodic table provides chemists with a structured organisation of the known chemical elements from which they can make sense of their physical and chemical properties. The historical development of the periodic table and models of atomic structure provide good examples of how scientific ideas and explanations develop over time as new evidence emerges. The arrangement of elements in the modern periodic table can be explained in terms of atomic structure which provides evidence for the model of a nuclear atom with electrons in energy levels.

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry/Combined Science Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table quiz content: elements, compounds, separating mixtures, equations, atomic structure, relative atomic mass, periodic table, group 0 noble gases, group 1 alkali metals, group 7 halogens, transition metals

Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

HT = higher tier (harder - usually more theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)  1st drafts of AQA quizzes


1.1 A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes

1.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds     (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know that all substances are made of atoms. An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist. Atoms of each element are represented by a chemical symbol, eg O represents an atom of oxygen, Na represents an atom of sodium. There are about 100 different elements. Elements are shown in the periodic table. Compounds are formed from elements by chemical reactions. Compounds contain two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions and can be represented by formulae using the symbols of the atoms from which they were formed. Compounds can only be separated into elements by chemical reactions. Chemical reactions can be represented by word equations or equations using symbols and formulae. You will be supplied with a periodic table for the exam and you should be able to:

Be able to use the names and symbols of the first 20 elements in the periodic table, the elements in Groups 1 and 7, and other elements in this specification

Be able to name compounds of these elements from given formulae or symbol equations

Be able to write word equations for the reactions mentioned.

Be able to write formulae and balanced chemical equations for the reactions mentioned.

(HT only) Be able to write balanced half equations and ionic equations where appropriate and indicated.

Definitions in Chemistry eg atom, molecule, formula, element, compound, mixture etc. Revision Notes

How to write word & symbol equations, work out formula and name compounds Revision Notes

Multiple Choice Quiz on balancing Symbol Chemical Equations with numbers

Number fill Quiz on completing symbol equations (Q1 Q2 Q3)

Element Symbol-name QUIZ easier-pictorial  or  harder-no pictures!

Word-fill quiz "Balancing chemical symbol equations"

Word-fill quiz "(1) Important terms used in chemistry"

Word-fill quiz "(2) Other terms and chemical symbols"

Word-fill quiz "(3) More important terms used in chemistry"

Word-fill quiz "Elements and compounds"

Word-fill quiz "Particle models of elements, compounds and mixtures"

Easy multiple choice quiz on "Atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures" questions on basic chemistry)

Easy word-fill quizzes on "Simple Reactions" 7Fwf1 * 7Fwf2 * 7Fwf3 * 7Fwf4 (basic chemistry)

6 Easy word-fill quizzes on "Patterns of chemical reactions" 9Fwf1 * 9Fwf2 * 9Fwf3 * 9Fwf4 * 9Fwf5 * 9Fwf6 (general revision Qs)

4 Easy linked word-fill quizzes on "Atoms, Elements and Compounds" 8Ewf1 * 8Ewf2 * 8Ewf3 * 8Ewf4

1.1.2 Mixtures      (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. Mixtures can be separated by physical processes such as filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation and chromatography. These physical processes do not involve chemical reactions. You should be able to:

Be able to describe, explain and give examples of the specified processes of separation

Be able to suggest suitable separation and purification techniques for mixtures when given appropriate information.

You should have experienced the safe use of a range of equipment to separate chemical mixtures.

Methods of Separating Mixtures of substances Revision Notes

Distillation - Simple and Fractional Distillation  Revision Notes

Paper & thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc) Revision Notes

Filtration, evaporation, crystallisation, drying and decantation Revision Notes

4 linked easy quizzes on "Separation of Mixtures" 7Hwf1 * 7Hwf2 * 7Hwf3 * 7Hwf4

Easy matching pair quiz based on "Solubility and Solutions" 7Hmp1 (important words and definitions)

4 Easy linked word-fill quizzes on "Atoms, Elements and Compounds" 8Ewf1 * 8Ewf2 * 8Ewf3 * 8Ewf4

5 Easy linked word-fill quizzes on "Compounds and Mixtures" 8Fwf1 * 8Fwf2 * 8Fwf3 * 8Fwf4 * 8Fwf5

Easy matching pair quiz on "Elements, Compounds and Mixtures" ecm1mp (matching particle model pictures)

1.1.3 Scientific models of the atom      (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Appreciate that new experimental evidence may lead to a scientific model being changed or replaced. Before the discovery of the electron atoms were thought to be tiny spheres that could not be divided. The discovery of the electron led to the plum pudding model of the atom. The plum pudding model suggested that the atom was a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it. The results from the Rutherford and Marsden’s alpha scattering experiments led to the plum pudding model being replaced by the nuclear model. Niels Bohr adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances. The theoretical calculations of Bohr agreed with experimental observations. Later experiments led to the idea that the positive charge of any nucleus could be subdivided into a whole number of smaller particles, each particle having the same amount of positive charge. The name proton was given to these particles. In 1932 the experimental work of James Chadwick provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus. This historical context provides an opportunity for you to show an understanding of why and describe how scientific methods and theories develop over time.

You should be able to:

Be able to describe why the new evidence from the scattering experiment led to a change in the atomic model. Details of these experiments are not required.

Be able to describe the difference between the plum pudding model of the atom and the nuclear model of the atom.

Details of experimental work supporting the Bohr model are not required.

Details of Chadwick’s experimental work are not required.

Atomic Structure - detailed notes

1.1.4 Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles  (AQA GCSE Chemistry, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know the relative electrical charges of the particles in atoms: proton, neutron and electron. In an atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atoms have no overall electrical charge. The number of protons in an atom of an element is its atomic number. All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons. Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. You should be able to use the atomic model to describe atoms.

Atomic Structure - detailed notes

1.1.5 Size and mass of atoms   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Appreciate that atoms are extremely small, having a radius of about 0.1 nm (1 x 10-10 m). The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10 000 of that of the atom (about 1 x 10-14 m). Almost all of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. You must know the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons. The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is its mass number. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; these atoms are called isotopes of that element. Atoms can be represented as shown symbolically e.g. or (upper left = mass number, lower left = atomic number).

You should be able to calculate the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion, given its atomic number and mass number.

Be able to use SI units and the prefix nano.

Be able to recognise expressions in standard form.

Be able to estimate the size and scale of atoms.

Atomic Structure including isotopes Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on  Atomic structure, isotopes & electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Structure crossword puzzle * Answers

Gap-fill worksheet on Atomic Structure

Matching pair quiz on Atomic and electronic structure 1. fundamental particles

Matching pair quiz on Atomic and electronic structure 2. periodic table

Word-fill quiz "Atomic structure and elements"

Word-fill quiz "Atomic Structure"

1.1.6 Relative atomic mass    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

The relative atomic mass of an element is an average value that takes account of the abundance of the isotopes of the element.

You should be able to calculate the relative atomic mass of an element given the percentage abundance of its isotopes.

What is relative atomic mass? (Ar) and calculating relative atomic mass Revision Notes

Relative atomic mass - type in answer QUIZ

Relative atomic mass - multiple choice QUIZ

1.1.7 Electronic structure    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

The electrons in an atom occupy the lowest available energy levels (innermost available shells). The electronic structure of an atom can be represented by numbers or by a diagram (on left). For example, the electronic structure of sodium is 2,8,1 or showing two electrons in the lowest energy level, eight in the second energy level and one in the third energy level. You may answer questions in terms of either energy levels or shells.

You should be able to work out and represent the electronic structures of the first twenty elements of the periodic table in both forms.

Atomic Structure - section on electron arrangements Revision Notes

Matching pair quiz on Atomic and electronic structure 1. fundamental particles

Matching pair quiz on Atomic and electronic structure 2. periodic table

Multiple choice quiz on  Atomic structure, isotopes & electronic structure of atoms


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


1.2 The periodic table    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

1.2.1 The periodic table

The elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of atomic (proton) number and so that elements with similar properties are in columns, known as groups. The table is called a periodic table because similar properties occur at regular intervals.

Elements in the same group in the periodic table have the same number of electrons in their outer shell (outer electrons) and this gives them similar chemical properties. You should be able to:

explain how the position of an element in the periodic table is related to the arrangement of electrons in its atoms and hence to its atomic number

predict possible reactions and probable reactivity of elements from their positions in the periodic table.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview (links to separate groups notes) Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the basics of the Periodic Table (better near end of course)

Task sheet worksheet on Periodic Table history * (answers)

Basic Periodic Table Task sheet worksheet * (answers)

Gap-fill worksheet on the Periodic Table

Element Symbol-name QUIZ easier-pictorial  or  harder-no pictures!

Word-fill quiz "The Periodic Table and Electronic Structure" *

Word-fill quiz "Spot the element in the Periodic Table"

Word-fill quiz "Recognise the element and its use"

Word-fill quiz "The Periodic Table and Electronic Structure" *

1.2.2 Development of the periodic table   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know that before the discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons, scientists attempted to classify the elements by arranging them in order of their atomic weights.

The early periodic tables were incomplete and some elements were placed in inappropriate groups if the strict order of atomic weights was followed.

Mendeleev overcame some of the problems by leaving gaps for elements that he thought had not been discovered and in some places changed the order based on atomic weights.

Elements with properties predicted by Mendeleev were discovered and filled the gaps. Knowledge of isotopes made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weights was not always correct.

You should be able to describe these steps in the development of the periodic table and be able to explain how testing a prediction can support or refute a new scientific idea i.e the evolution of the periodic table format.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview - history section Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the basics of the Periodic Table

1.2.3 Metals and non-metals    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Elements that react to form positive ions are metals. Elements that do not form positive ions are nonmetals. The majority of elements are metals. Metals are found to the left and towards the bottom of the periodic table. Non-metals are found towards the right and top of the periodic table.

You should be able to:

explain the differences between metals and non-metals on the basis of their characteristic physical and chemical properties.

explain how the atomic structure of metals and non-metals relates to their position in the periodic table

explain how the reactions of elements are related to the arrangement of electrons in their atoms and hence to their atomic number.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview (including section on metals and non-metals) Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the basics of the Periodic Table

1.2.4 Group 0 Noble Gases    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know that the elements in Group 0 of the periodic table are called the noble gases. They are unreactive and do not easily form molecules because their atoms have stable arrangements of electrons. The noble gases have eight electrons in their outer energy level, except for helium, which has only two electrons. The boiling points of the noble gases increase with increasing relative atomic mass (going down the group). You should be able to:

explain how properties of the elements in Group 0 depend on the outer shell of electrons of the atoms

predict properties from given trends down the group.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview

Group 0 Noble Gases Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on Group 0 The Noble Gases

Wordfill worksheet on the Noble Gases (answers)

2nd Wordfill Quiz on the Noble Gases (answers) *

3rd Word-fill quiz "The Group 0 Noble Gases" *

1.2.5 Group 1 Alkali Metals    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are known as the alkali metals and have characteristic properties because of the single electron in their outer shell.

You should be able to describe the reactions of the first three alkali metals with oxygen, chlorine and water.

In Group 1, the reactivity of the elements increases going down the group.

You should be able to:

explain how properties of the elements in Group 1 depend on the outer shell of electrons of the atoms

predict properties from given trends down the group.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview

Group 1 Alkali Metals - physical and chemical properties Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the Group 1 Alkali Metals

Word-fill worksheet on the Group 1 Alkali Metals

2nd Word-fill quiz "The Group 1 Alkali Metals" *

1.2.6 Group 7 The halogens    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table are known as the halogens and have similar reactions because they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. The halogens are non-metals and consist of molecules made of pairs of atoms.

You should be able to describe the nature of the compounds formed when chlorine, bromine and iodine react with metals and non-metals.

In Group 7, the further down the group an element is the higher its relative molecular mass, melting point and boiling point.

In Group 7, the reactivity of the elements decreases going down the group.

A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its salt - so you can predict the outcome of particular combinations of group  7 element and the salt of another halogen.

You should be able to:

explain how properties of the elements in Group 7 depend on the outer shell of electrons of the atoms

predict properties from given trends down the group.

Periodic Table Notes - an overview

Group 7 Halogens - physical and chemical properties Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the Group 7 Halogens

A Group 7 "Halogens" task sheet worksheet * (answers)

Word-fill work sheet on the Halogens

2nd Word-fill quiz "The Group 7 Halogens" *

The Halogens (matching pair quiz on their appearance)

Some general periodic table questions

Multiple choice quiz on the basics of the Periodic Table

Task sheet worksheet on Periodic Table history * (answers)

Basic Periodic Table Task sheet worksheet * (answers)

Structured question on the reactivity of elements and the periodic table and answers

Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


1.3 Properties of transition metals    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

1.3.1 Be able to compare the properties of Group 1 metals with transition metals

Know the transition elements are metals with similar properties which are different from those of the elements in Group 1 alkali metals.

You should be able to describe the difference compared with Group 1 in melting points, densities, strength, hardness and reactivity with oxygen, water and halogens.

You should be able to exemplify these general properties by reference to Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu.

Transition Metals Notes Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the Transition Metals and their Compounds

1.3.2 Typical properties of transition metals    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 1 "Atomic structure and the periodic table")

Know that many transition elements have ions with different charges, form coloured compounds and are useful as catalysts.

You should be able to exemplify these general properties by reference to compounds of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu.

The Transition Metals Notes eg iron and copper - their physical/chemical properties & uses

Multiple choice quiz on the Transition Metals and their Compounds

Word-fill worksheet on the Transition Metals


Topic 2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

Appreciate that chemists use theories of structure and bonding to explain the physical and chemical properties of materials. Analysis of structures shows that atoms can be arranged in a variety of ways, some of which are molecular while others are giant structures. Theories of bonding explain how atoms are held together in these structures. Scientists use this knowledge of structure and bonding to engineer new materials with desirable properties. The properties of these materials may offer new applications in a range of different technologies.

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry Topic 2 Bonding, structure and properties of matter quiz content: ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, states of matter, need Qs on polymers, graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanoparticles

Topic 2 Bonding, structure and properties of matter QUIZ (AQA GCSE chemistry)

HT = higher tier (harder - usually more theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)


2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

2.1.1 Chemical bonds    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know there are three types of strong chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic. For ionic bonding the particles are oppositely charged ions. For covalent bonding the particles are atoms which share pairs of electrons. For metallic bonding the particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons.

Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals.

Covalent bonding occurs in non-metallic elements and in compounds of non-metals.

Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys.

You should be able to explain chemical bonding in terms of electrostatic forces and the transfer or sharing of electrons.

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

(quiz best done after all bonding sections covered)

2.1.2 Ionic bonding   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom electrons in the outer shell of the metal atom are transferred. Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions. Non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions. The ions produced by metals in Groups 1 and 2 and by non-metals in Groups 6 and 7 have the electronic structure of a noble gas (Group 0). The electron transfer during the formation of an ionic compound can be represented by a dot and cross diagrams. You need to be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects. You should be able to:

draw dot and cross diagrams for ionic compounds formed by metals in Groups 1 and 2 with non-metals in Groups 6 and 7

The charge on the ions produced by metals in Groups 1 and 2 and by non-metals in Groups 6 and 7 relates to the group number of the element in the periodic table.

You should be able to work out the charge on the ions of metals and non-metals from the group number of the element, limited to the metals in Groups 1 and 2, and non-metals in Groups 6 and 7.

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes

Ionic bonding and ionic compounds and their properties Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

2.1.3 Ionic compounds   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that an ionic compound is a giant structure of ions. Ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. These forces act in all directions in the lattice and this is called ionic bonding. Know the structure of sodium chloride can be represented in the following forms: Be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects. You should be able to:

deduce that a compound is ionic from a diagram of its structure in one of the specified forms

describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three dimensional diagrams to represent a giant ionic structure

work out the empirical formula of an ionic compound from a given model or diagram that shows the ions in the structure.

You should be familiar with the structure of sodium chloride but do not need to know the structures of other ionic compounds.

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes

Ionic bonding and ionic compounds and their properties Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

2.1.4 Covalent bonding    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that when atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent bonds. These bonds between atoms are strong. Covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules.

You should be able to recognise common substances that consist of small molecules from their chemical formula.

Some covalently bonded substances have very large molecules, such as polymers.

Some covalently bonded substances have giant covalent structures, such as diamond and silicon dioxide.

Be able to represent the covalent bonds in molecules and giant structures in various forms.

Recognise substances as small molecules, polymers or giant structures from diagrams showing their bonding

You should be able to:

draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane

represent the covalent bonds in small molecules, in the repeating units of polymers and in part of giant covalent structures, using a line to represent a single bond

describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent molecules or giant structures

deduce the molecular formula of a substance from a given model or diagram in these forms showing the atoms and bonds in the molecule.

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes

Covalent bonding and small molecules and their properties Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

2.1.5 Metallic bonding    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. The electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalised and so are free to move through the whole structure. The sharing of delocalised electrons gives rise to strong metallic bonds. The bonding in metals may be represented in the following form: Be able to recognise substances as metallic giant structures from diagrams showing their bonding. Be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects.

Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes

Metallic bonding, properties and uses of metals Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

Topic 2 Bonding, structure and properties of matter QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

2.2.1 The three states of matter    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that the three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Melting and freezing take place at the melting point, boiling and condensing take place at the boiling point.

The three states of matter can be represented by a simple model. In this model, particles are represented by small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing. The amount of energy needed to change state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas depends on the strength of the forces between the particles of the substance. The nature of the particles involved depends on the type of bonding and the structure of the substance. The stronger the forces between the particles the higher the melting point and boiling point of the substance.

(HT only) Limitations of the simple model in describing changes of state include that it assumes there are no forces between the spheres, that all particles are represented as inelastic spheres and that the spheres are solid.

Be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects. You should be able to:

predict the states of substances at different temperatures given appropriate data

explain the different temperatures at which changes of state occur in terms of energy transfers and types of bonding

recognise that atoms themselves do not have the bulk properties of materials

(HT only) explain the limitations of the particle theory in relation to changes of state when particles are represented by solid inelastic spheres which have no forces between them.

States of Matter - particle theory - gas, liquid & solid properties-behaviour, state changes Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on States of Matter (gases, liquids & solids) and State Changes

Easy multiple choice quiz on "Particle models of gases, liquids and solids and solutions"

4 Easy word-fill quizzes on "Particle Model of Gases, Liquids and Solids" 7Gwf1 * 7Gwf2 * 7Gwf3 * 7Gwf4

3 linked easy quizzes on "The States of Matter" States1mp * States2mp * States3mp (basic questions)

Note that in the pages on types of chemical bonding and structure, there is a section on relating their structure to their physical properties.

Ionic compounds - structure and properties Revision Notes

Covalent small simple molecules - structure and properties Revision Notes

Macromolecules, giant covalent structures, polymers - structure and properties Revision Notes

Metals – structure and properties Revision Notes

2.2.2 State symbols   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that in chemical equations, the three states of matter are shown as (s), (l) and (g), with (aq) for aqueous solutions. You should be able to include appropriate state symbols in chemical equations for the reactions in this specification.

In most equations on my website I've included the state symbols appropriate to the equation.

2.2.3 Properties of ionic compounds    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that ionic compounds have regular structures (giant ionic lattices) in which there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions.

These compounds have high melting points and high boiling points because of the large amounts of energy needed to break the many strong bonds.

When melted or dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity because the ions are free to move and so charge can flow.

Knowledge of the structures of specific ionic compounds other than sodium chloride is not required.

Ionic bonding and ionic compounds and their properties Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

2.2.4 Properties of small molecules    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that substances that consist of small molecules are usually gases or liquids that have relatively low melting points and boiling points.

These substances have only weak forces between the molecules (intermolecular forces). It is these intermolecular forces that are overcome, not the covalent bonds, when the substance melts or boils.

The intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecules, so larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points.

These substances do not conduct electricity because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge.

You should be able to use the idea that intermolecular forces are weak compared with covalent bonds to explain the bulk properties of molecular substances.

Covalent bonding and small molecules and their properties Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

Word-fill quiz "Simple Covalent Molecular Substances"

Word-fill quiz "Molecular modelling and bonding diagrams of covalent molecules"

2.2.5 Polymers    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Appreciate that polymers have very large molecules. The atoms in the polymer molecules are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds. The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are relatively strong and so these substances are solids at room temperature.

You should be able to recognise polymers from diagrams showing their bonding and structure.

Macromolecules and polymers (compared with giant covalent structures) Revision Notes

More detailed notes on polymer structure (lots of examples, most studied in detail later in course)

Comparing types of polymers (lots of examples, most studied in detail later in course) Revision Notes

Word-fill quiz "Introduction to Polymers and Plastics" *

Word-fill quiz "Making and using polymers"

2.2.6 Giant covalent structures    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that substances that consist of giant covalent structures are solids with very high melting points. All of the atoms in these structures are linked to other atoms by strong covalent bonds. These bonds must be overcome to melt or boil these substances. Diamond and graphite (forms of carbon) and silicon dioxide (silica) are examples of giant covalent structures.

Be able to recognise giant covalent structures from diagrams showing their bonding.

Be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects.

Covalent bonding and giant structures and their properties and uses Revision Notes

Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

Word-fill quiz "The structure and uses of different forms of carbon"

2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that metals have giant structures of atoms with strong metallic bonding. This means that most metals have high melting and boiling points.

In metals, the layers of atoms are able to slide over each other. This means metals can be bent and shaped.

Most metals in everyday use are alloys. Pure metals eg copper, gold, iron and aluminium, are too soft for many uses and so are mixed with other metals to make alloys which are harder.

The different sizes of atoms in an alloy distort the layers in the structure, making it more difficult for them to slide over each other, so alloys are harder than pure metals. You should be able to explain why an alloy of a metal is harder than the pure metal.

Metallic bonding, properties and uses of metals Revision Notes

The Transition Metals (lots of examples plus mention of aluminium) Revision Notes

2.2.8 Metals as conductors    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that metals are good conductors of electricity because the delocalised electrons in the metal carry electrical charge through the metal. Metals are good conductors of thermal energy because energy is transferred by the mobile delocalised electrons.

Properties and uses of metals


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

Topic 2 Bonding, structure and properties of matter QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

2.3.1 Diamond   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that in diamond, each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in a giant covalent structure, so diamond is very hard, has a very high melting point and does not conduct electricity.

Be able to explain the properties of diamond in terms of its structure and bonding.

Be able to visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms including two dimensional representations of 3D objects.

Covalent bonding and giant structures and their properties and uses Revision Notes

2.3.2 Graphite    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Know that in graphite, each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings which have no covalent bonds between the layers.

In graphite, one electron from each carbon atom is delocalised.

You should be able to explain the properties of graphite in terms of its structure and bonding.

You should know that graphite is similar to metals in that it has delocalised electrons.

Covalent bonding and giant structures and their properties and uses Revision Notes

Some general 'bonding' word-fill quizzes

Word-fill quiz "Metal Structure and Ionic Compounds" *

Word-fill quiz "The Structure and Uses of different forms of carbon"

Word-fill quiz "Simple Covalent Molecular Substances"

Word-fill quiz "Molecular modelling and bonding diagrams of covalent molecules"

2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Graphene is a single layer of graphite and has properties that make it useful in electronics and composites.

You should be able to explain the properties of graphene in terms of its structure and bonding.

Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structure of fullerenes is based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms but they may also contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms. The first fullerene to be discovered was Buckminsterfullerene (C60) which has a spherical shape.

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes with very high length to diameter ratios. Their properties make them useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials.

You should be able to:

recognise graphene and fullerenes from diagrams and descriptions of their bonding and structure

give examples of the uses of fullerenes, including carbon nanotubes.

Covalent bonding and giant structures and their properties and uses Revision Notes

Nanochemistry - Fullerenes; bucky balls and carbon nanotubes Revision Notes

Nanochemistry - Graphene Revision Notes


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


2.4 Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles  (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Topic 2 Bonding, structure and properties of matter QUIZ (AQA GCSE science-chemistry)

2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties  (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Nanoscience refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size, of the order of a few hundred atoms. Nanoparticles, are smaller than fine particles (PM2.5), which have diameters between 100 and 2500 nm (1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m).

Coarse particles (PM10) have diameters between 1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m. Coarse particles are often referred to as dust.

As the side of cube decreases by a factor of 10 the surface area to volume ratio increases by a factor of 10.

Nanoparticles may have properties different from those for the same materials in bulk because of their high surface area to volume ratio. It may also mean that smaller quantities are needed to be effective than for materials with normal particle sizes.

You should be able to compare ‘nano’ dimensions to typical dimensions of atoms and molecules.

Be able to ...

recognise and use expressions in standard form.

use ratios, fractions and percentages

make estimates of the results of simple calculations

make order of magnitude calculations

calculate areas of triangles and rectangles, surface areas and volumes of cubes.

General introduction to nanoscience and commonly used terms explained Revision Notes

Nanochemistry - an introduction and potential applications Revision Notes

2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 2 "Bonding, structure and the properties of matter")

Nanoparticles have many applications in medicine, in electronics, in cosmetics and sun creams, as deodorants, and as catalysts. New applications for nanoparticulate materials are an important area of research.

You should consider advantages and disadvantages of the applications of these nanoparticulate materials, but do not need to know specific examples or properties other than those specified.

You should be able to:

given appropriate information, evaluate the use of nanoparticles for a specified purpose

explain that there are possible risks associated with the use of nanoparticles.

General introduction to nanoscience and commonly used terms explained Revision Notes

Nanochemistry - an introduction and potential applications Revision Notes

Uses of Nanoparticles of titanium(IV) oxide, fat and silver Revision Notes


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


Topic 3 Quantitative chemistry   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Chemists use quantitative analysis to determine the formulae of compounds and the equations for reactions. Given this information, analysts can then use quantitative methods to determine the purity of chemical samples and to monitor the yield from chemical reactions.

Chemical reactions can be classified in various ways. Identifying different types of chemical reaction allows chemists to make sense of how different chemicals react together, to establish patterns and to make predictions about the behaviour of other chemicals.

Chemical equations provide a means of representing chemical reactions and are a key way for chemists to communicate chemical ideas.

My CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS INDEX Revision Notes

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry Topic 3 Quantitative chemistry quiz content: Quantitative chemistry, chemistry calculations, law of conservation of mass, balancing chemical equations, relative formula mass, reacting mass calculations, mole calculations, molarity calculations, amount of substance and gas volumes, reacting gas volume ratios, need Qs on limiting reactant, % yield, atom economy

Topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

HT = higher tier (harder - usually more theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)


3.1 Conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations


3.1.1 Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations 

(AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Know the law of conservation of mass states that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants.

This means that chemical reactions can be represented by symbol equations which are balanced in terms of the numbers of atoms of each element involved on both sides of the equation.

You should understand the use of the multipliers in equations in normal script before a formula and in subscript within a formula.

Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations Revision Notes

How to read a chemical formula and balance chemical equations Revision Notes

Type in answer quiz on the law of conservation of mass

Multiple choice quiz on the law of conservation of mass

3.1.2 Relative formula mass   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Know the relative formula mass (Mr) of a compound is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the numbers shown in the formula.

In a balanced chemical equation, the sum of the relative formula masses of the reactants in the quantities shown equals the sum of the relative formula masses of the products in the quantities shown.

Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound or element molecule Revision Notes

More reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from equations (NOT using moles)

Type in answer quiz on relative formula mass

Multiple Choice quiz on relative formula mass

3.1.3 Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Know that some reactions may appear to involve a change in mass but this can usually be explained because a reactant or product is a gas and its mass has not been taken into account.

For example: when a metal reacts with oxygen the mass of the oxide produced is greater than the mass of the metal or in thermal decompositions of metal carbonates carbon dioxide is produced and escapes into the atmosphere leaving the metal oxide as the only solid product.

You should be able to explain any observed changes in mass in non-enclosed systems during a chemical reaction given the balanced symbol equation for the reaction and explain these changes in terms of the particle model.

You should have experienced investigating of mass changes using various apparatus.

Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations Revision Notes

Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products (NOT using moles and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, atom economy and formula mass determination

3.1.4 Chemical measurements    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Whenever a measurement is made there is always some uncertainty about the result obtained.

You should be able to:

represent the distribution of results and make estimations of uncertainty

use the range of a set of measurements about the mean as a measure of uncertainty.


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


3.2 Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

Topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

3.2.1 Moles (HT only)     (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Chemical amounts are measured in moles. The symbol for the unit mole is mol.

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is numerically equal to its relative formula mass.

One mole of a substance contains the same number of the stated particles, atoms, molecules or ions as one mole of any other substance.

The number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance is the Avogadro constant. The value of the Avogadro constant is 6.02 x 1023 per mole.

You should understand that the measurement of amounts in moles can apply to atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, formulae and equations, for example that in one mole of carbon (C) the number of atoms is the same as the number of molecules in one mole of carbon dioxide (CO2).

You should be able to use the relative formula mass of a substance to calculate the number of moles in a given mass of that substance and vice versa.

Be able to recognise and use expressions in decimal form. Be able to recognise and use expressions in standard form.

Be able to use an appropriate number of significant figures.

Be able to understand and use the symbols: =, <, <<, >>, >, , ~

Be able to change the subject of an equation.

Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations (relating reacting masses and formula mass), Avogadro constant Revision Notes

Introduction to moles type in answer QUIZ

Introduction to moles multiple choice QUIZ

3.2.2 Amounts of substances in equations (HT only) (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

The masses of reactants and products can be calculated from balanced symbol equations. Chemical equations can be interpreted in terms of moles. For example: Mg + 2HCI ===> MgCI2 + H2 shows that one mole of magnesium reacts with two moles of hydrochloric acid to produce one mole of magnesium chloride and one mole of hydrogen gas.

You should be able to:

calculate the masses of substances shown in a balanced symbol equation

calculate the masses of reactants and products from the balanced symbol equation and the mass of a given reactant or product.

recognise and use expressions in decimal form

use ratios, fractions and percentages

change the subject of an equation

substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.

Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from equations (NOT using moles) Notes

Mole ratio calculations - equation interpretation and construction of balanced chemical equations Notes

Working out formula from reacting masses type in answer QUIZ

Working out formula from reacting masses multiple choice QUIZ

Type in answer QUIZ on reacting masses

Multiple choice QUIZ on reacting masses

3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations (HT only) (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Know that the balancing numbers in a symbol equation can be calculated from the masses of reactants and products by converting the masses in grams to amounts in moles and converting the numbers of moles to simple whole number ratios.

You should be able to:

balance an equation given the masses of reactants and products

change the subject of a mathematical equation

substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.

Mole ratio calculations - equation interpretation and construction of balanced chemical equations Revision Notes

3.2.4 Limiting reactants (HT only) (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Know that in a chemical reaction involving two reactants, it is common to use an excess of one of the reactants to ensure that all of the other reactant is used. The reactant that is completely used up is called the limiting reactant because it limits the amount of products.

You should be able to explain the effect of a limiting quantity of a reactant on the amount of products it is possible to obtain in terms of amounts in moles or masses in grams.

How much of a reactant is needed? calculation of quantities required, limiting reactant quantities Revision Notes

Explaining and calculating % reaction yield, reasons why never 100%

3.2.5 Concentration of solutions (AQA GCSE chemistry HT only) (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Know that many chemical reactions take place in solutions. The concentration of a solution can be measured in mass per given volume of solution, eg grams per dm3 (g/dm3).

You should be able to:

calculate the mass of solute in a given volume of solution of known concentration in terms of mass per given volume of solution

be able to use ratios, fractions and percentages

be able to change the subject of an equation.

(HT only) Be able to explain how the mass of a solute and the volume of a solution is related to the concentration of the solution

Concentration of solution in terms of mass and volume

Molarity, volumes and solution concentrations (g/dm3 examples too, molarity not needed by combined science trilogy students)


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


3.3 Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions  

(AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

3.3.1 Percentage yield    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Know that even though no atoms are gained or lost in a chemical reaction, it is not always possible to obtain the calculated amount of a product because:

the reaction may not go to completion because it is reversible

some of the product may be lost when it is separated from the reaction mixture

some of the reactants may react in ways different to the expected reaction.

The amount of a product obtained is known as the yield.

When compared with the maximum theoretical amount as a percentage, it is called the percentage yield.

% Yield = 100 x Mass of product actually made ÷ Maximum theoretical mass of product

You should be able to:

calculate the percentage yield of a product from the actual yield of a reaction

recognise and use expressions in decimal form

use ratios, fractions and percentages

use an appropriate number of significant figures

(HT only) Be able to calculate the theoretical mass of a product from a given mass of reactant and the balanced equation for the reaction

Be able to change the subject of an equation.

% reaction yield definition and theoretical yield calculations, why never 100%

Calculation of how much of a reactant is needed?

3.3.2 Atom economy    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Know the atom economy (atom utilisation) is a measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products. It is important for sustainable development and for economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy.

The percentage atom economy of a reaction is calculated using the balanced equation for the reaction as follows:

100 x Relative formula mass of desired product from equation ÷ Sum of relative formula masses of all reactants from equation

You should be able to:

calculate the atom economy of a reaction to form a desired product from the balanced equation

recognise and use expressions in decimal form

use ratios, fractions and percentages

change the subject of an equation.

(HT only) explain why a particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a specified product given appropriate data such as atom economy (if not calculated), yield, rate, equilibrium position and usefulness of by-products.

Atom economy definition and calculations


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


3.4 Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

Know that the concentration of a solution can be measured in mol/dm3.

The amount in moles of solute or the mass in grams of solute in a given volume of solution can be calculated from its concentration in mol/dm3.

If the volumes of two solutions that react completely are known and the concentration of one solution is known, the concentration of the other solution can be calculated.

The volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other can be measured by titration using a suitable indicator.

You should be able to:

explain how the concentration of a solution in mol/dm3 is related to the mass of the solute and the volume of the solution.

describe how to carry out titrations using strong acids and strong alkalis only (eg sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids reacting with sodium hydroxide to determine concentrations of the acid or alkali)

calculate the chemical quantities in titrations involving concentrations in mol/dm3 and in g/dm3

recognise and use expressions in decimal form

use ratios, fractions and percentages

change the subject of an equation

substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.

You should have experienced doing titrations including to determine concentrations of strong acids and alkalis.

Concentration of solution in terms of mass and volume Revision Notes

Molarity, volumes and solution concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus) Revision Notes

Molarity type in answer QUIZ

Molarity multiple choice QUIZ

How to do volumetric titration calculations e.g. acid-alkali titrations (and diagrams of apparatus)

Titration type in answer QUIZ

Titration multiple choice QUIZ


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


3.5 Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases

 (AQA GCSE Chemistry paper 1, Topic 3 "Quantitative chemistry")

Topic 3 Quantitative Chemistry QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

Know that equal amounts in moles of gases occupy the same volume under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

The volume of one mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure (20oC and 1 atmosphere pressure) is 24 dm3.

The volumes of gaseous reactants and products can be calculated from the balanced equation for the reaction.

You should be able to:

calculate the volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure from its mass and relative formula mass

calculate volumes of gaseous reactants and products from a balanced equation and a given volume of a gaseous reactant or product.

You should be able to:

recognise and use expressions in decimal form

use ratios, fractions and percentages

change the subject of an equation

substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.

Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law Revision Notes

Molar gas volume type in answer QUIZ

Molar gas volume multiple choice QUIZ

Reacting gas volume ratios, Avogadro's Law and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous reactants-products)

Reacting volumes type in answer QUIZ

Reacting volumes multiple choice QUIZ


Topic 4 Chemical changes    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Appreciate that understanding of chemical changes began when people began experimenting with chemical reactions in a systematic way and organizing their results logically. Knowing about these different chemical changes meant that scientists could begin to predict exactly what new substances would be formed and use this knowledge to develop a wide range of different materials and processes. It also helped biochemists to understand the complex reactions that take place in living organisms. The extraction of important resources from the earth makes use of the way that some elements and compounds react with each other and how easily they can be ‘pulled apart’.

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry Topic 4 Chemical Changes quiz content: Oxidation and reduction, metal oxides, reactivity series of metals, extraction of metals, reactions of acids, salt preparations, molarity and titration calculations, need Qs on strong/weak acids?

Topic 4 Chemical Changes QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

HT = higher tier (harder - usually more theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)


4.1 Reactivity of metals     (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

4.1.1 Metal oxides

Know that metals react with oxygen to produce metal oxides.

The reactions are oxidation reactions because the metals gain oxygen.

You should be able to explain reduction and oxidation in terms of loss or gain of oxygen.

The Reactivity Series of Metals - reactions with oxygen, water or acids and displacement reactions Revision Notes

Introduction to oxidation and reduction and their application to reactions Revision Notes

4.1.2 The reactivity series   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that when metals react with other substances the metal atoms form positive ions. The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive ions. Metals can be arranged in order of their reactivity in a reactivity series.

The metals potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper can be put in order of their reactivity from their reactions with water and dilute acids.

The non-metals hydrogen and carbon are often included in the reactivity series.

A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound.

You should be able to:

recall and describe the reactions, if any, of potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper with water or dilute acids and where appropriate, to place these metals in order of reactivity

explain how the reactivity of metals with water or dilute acids is related to the tendency of the metal to form its positive ion

deduce an order of reactivity of metals based on experimental results.

The reactions of metals with water and acids are limited to room temperature and do not include reactions with steam.

You should have experienced mixing of reagents to explore chemical changes and/or products.

The Reactivity Series of Metals - reactions with oxygen, water or acids and displacement reactions

Metal Reactivity Series Experiments-Observations Revision Notes

Alkali metals reactivity series Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on the Reactivity Series of Metals

Gap-fill worksheet on The Reactivity of Metals

Structured question worksheet on the Metal Reactivity Series * (answers)

4.1.3 Extraction of metals and reduction    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that unreactive metals such as gold are found in the Earth as the metal itself but most metals are found as compounds that require chemical reactions to extract the metal.

Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon.

Reduction involves the loss of oxygen.

Your knowledge and understanding are limited to the reduction of oxides using carbon.

Knowledge of the details of processes used in the extraction of metals is not required.

You should be able to:

interpret or evaluate specific metal extraction processes when given appropriate information

identify the substances which are oxidised or reduced in terms of gain or loss of oxygen.

Introduction to Metal Extraction Revision Notes

Introduction to oxidation and reduction theory and application to reactions Revision Notes

Multiple choice QUIZ on metal extraction

Gap–word–fill exercise on metal extraction

2nd Word-fill quiz "Extracting metals from their ores" *

3rd Word-fill quiz "Extraction of Iron"

4.1.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons (HT only) (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Know that oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons.

You should be able to:

write ionic equations for displacement reactions

identify in a given reaction, symbol equation or half equation which species are oxidised and which are reduced.

Introduction to oxidation and reduction theory and their application to reactions Revision Notes

Metal Reactivity Series Experiments-Observations and explanations


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


4.2 Reactions of acids   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Topic 4 Chemical Changes QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

Reactions of acids Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on pH, Indicators, Acids, Bases, Neutralisation and Salts

Structured question worksheet on Acid Reaction word equations and symbol equation question

Word equation answers and symbol equation answers

Word-fill worksheet on Acids, Bases, Neutralisation and Salts

Matching pair quiz on Acids, Bases, Salts and pH

Word-fill quiz "The reactions of acids with oxides, hydroxides and carbonates" *

Word-fill quiz "Methods of making salts"

Word-fill quiz "Chemical tests for common gases"

Word-fill quiz "Uses of some common compounds"

Easy multiple choice quiz on "Acids, alkalis, salts and simple chemical reactions" (general questions on basic chemistry)

Easy word-fill quizzes on "Acids and Alkalis" 7Ewf1  * 7Ewf2 * 7Ewf3 * 7Ewf4

Easy matching pair quiz on "pH"

4.2.1 Reactions of acids with metals    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that acids react with some metals to produce salts and hydrogen - observations, equations etc..

(HT only) You should be able to:

explain in terms of gain or loss of electrons, that these are redox reactions

identify which species are oxidised and which are reduced in given chemical equations.

Your knowledge of such reactions is limited to those of magnesium, zinc and iron with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

Reactions of acids with metals Revision Notes

The Reactivity Series of Metals Revision Notes

Introduction to oxidation and reduction theory and application to reactions Revision Notes

4.2.2 Neutralisation of acids and salt production    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that acids are neutralised by alkalis (eg soluble metal hydroxides) and bases (eg insoluble metal hydroxides and metal oxides) to produce salts and water, and also neutralised by metal carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide.

The particular salt produced in any reaction between an acid and a base or alkali depends on:

the acid used (hydrochloric acid produces chlorides, nitric acid produces nitrates, sulfuric acid produces sulfates)

the positive ions in the base, alkali or carbonate.

You should be able to:

predict products from given reactants

use the formulae of common ions to deduce the formulae of salts.

Reactions of acids with oxides/hydroxides/carbonates and neutralisation reactions Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on pH, Indicators, Acids, Bases, Neutralisation and Salts

 

4.2.3 Soluble salts    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that soluble salts can be made from acids by reacting them with solid insoluble substances, such as metals, metal oxides, hydroxides or carbonates.

The solid is added to the acid until no more reacts and the excess solid is filtered off to produce a solution of the salt.

Salt solutions can be crystallised to produce solid salts.

You should be able to describe how to make pure, dry samples of named soluble salts from information provided.

You should have prepared of a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble oxide or carbonate using a bunsen burner to heat dilute acid and a water bath or electric heater to evaporate the solution.

Making a soluble salt by from an acid with a metal or insoluble base – oxide, hydroxide or carbonate Notes

Making a soluble salt by neutralising a soluble acid with a soluble base (alkali) Revision Notes

 

4.2.4 The pH scale and neutralisation    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solutions.

Aqueous solutions of alkalis contain hydroxide ions (OH).

The pH scale, from 0 to 14, is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and can be measured using universal indicator or a pH probe.

A solution with pH 7 is neutral. Aqueous solutions of acids have pH values of less than 7 and aqueous solutions of alkalis have pH values greater than 7.

In neutralisation reactions between an acid and an alkali, hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water.

This reaction can be represented by the equation: H+(aq) + OH(aq) ===> H2O(l)

You should be able to:

describe the use of universal indicator or a wide range indicator to measure the approximate pH of a solution

use the pH scale to identify acidic or alkaline solutions

You should have investigated the pH changes when a strong acid neutralises a strong alkali - pH curve.

Everyday examples of acid-alkali chemistry - uses of acids and alkalis Revision Notes

pH scale, indicator colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis (bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes

Changes in pH in a neutralisation reaction Revision Notes

Multiple choice quiz on pH, Indicators, Acids, Bases, Neutralisation and Salts

 

4.2.5 Titrations    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

The volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other can be measured by titration using a suitable indicator. You should be able to:

describe how to carry out titrations using strong acids and strong alkalis only (sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids only) to find the reacting volumes accurately

(HT only) calculate the chemical quantities in titrations involving concentrations in mol/dm3 and in g/dm3.

You should have done  the practical to determine the reacting volumes of solutions of a strong acid and a strong alkali by titration.

(HT only) Be able to determine the concentration of one of the solutions in mol/dm3 and g/dm3 from the reacting volumes and the known concentration of the other solution.

Making a soluble salt by neutralising a soluble acid with a soluble base (alkali) Revision Notes

How to do volumetric titration calculations e.g. acid-alkali titrations (and diagrams of apparatus)

Changes in pH in a neutralisation reaction Revision Notes

Titration type in answer QUIZ

Titration multiple choice QUIZ

4.2.6 Strong and weak acids (HT only)

Know that a strong acid is completely ionised in aqueous solution. Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids.

A weak acid is only partially ionised in aqueous solution. Examples of weak acids are ethanoic, citric and carbonic acids.

For a given concentration of aqueous solutions, the stronger an acid, the greater the hydrogen ion concentration and the lower the pH.

As the pH decreases by one unit, the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution increases by a factor of 10.

You should be able to:

use and explain the terms dilute and concentrated (in terms of amount of substance), and weak and strong (in terms of the degree of ionisation) in relation to acids

describe neutrality and relative acidity in terms of the effect on hydrogen ion concentration and the numerical value of pH (whole numbers only).

You should have measured the pH of different acids at different concentrations.

Be able to make order of magnitude calculations.

More on acid-base theory and weak and strong acids and their properties Revision Notes


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


4.3 Electrolysis     (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Topic 4 Chemical Changes QUIZ (AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Chemistry)

4.3.1 The process of electrolysis   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that when an ionic compound is melted or dissolved in water, the ions are free to move about within the liquid or solution. These liquids and solutions are able to conduct electricity and are called electrolytes.

Passing an electric current through electrolytes causes the ions to move to the electrodes. Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode (the cathode), and negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode (the anode).

Ions are discharged at the electrodes producing elements. This process is called electrolysis.

(HT only) Throughout Section 4.3 you should be able to write half equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes during electrolysis, and you may be required to complete and balance supplied half equations.

Introduction to electrolysis - electrolytes, non-electrolytes, electrode equations Revision Notes

Summary of electrode half-equations and products Revision Notes

4.3.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that when a simple ionic compound (eg lead bromide) is electrolysed in the molten state using inert electrodes, the metal (lead) is produced at the cathode and the non-metal (bromine) is produced at the anode.

You should be able to predict the products of the electrolysis of binary ionic compounds in the molten state.

Your teacher may have demonstrated this kind of electrolysis using anhydrous zinc chloride.

I had no problem electrolysing lead bromide in a crucible using carbon electrodes - BUT in a fume cupboard.

Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide (and other molten ionic compounds like NaCl) Revision Notes

4.3.3 Using electrolysis to extract metals (AQA 9-1 GCSE Chemistry 1 paper 1)

Know that metals can be extracted from molten compounds using electrolysis. Electrolysis is used if the metal is too reactive to be extracted by reduction with carbon or if the metal reacts with carbon. Large amounts of energy are used in the extraction process to melt the compounds and to produce the electrical current.

Aluminium is manufactured by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite. The mixture has a lower melting point than pure aluminium oxide. Aluminium forms at the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen at the positive electrode (anode). The positive electrode (anode) is made of carbon, which reacts with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and so must be continually replaced.

You should be able to:

explain why a mixture is used as the electrolyte

explain why the positive electrode must be continually replaced

The electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide - extraction of aluminium from bauxite ore Revision Notes

Introduction to Metal Extraction Revision Notes

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution (is used to extract copper from dissolved ore residues and plating)

4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 4 "Chemical changes")

Know that the ions discharged when an aqueous solution is electrolysed using inert electrodes depend on the relative reactivity of the elements involved.

At the negative electrode (cathode), hydrogen is produced if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen.

At the positive electrode (anode), oxygen is produced unless the solution contains halide ions when the halogen is produced.

This happens because in the aqueous solution water molecules break down producing hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions that are discharged.

You should be able to predict the products of the electrolysis of aqueous solutions containing a single ionic compound.

You should have investigated what happens when aqueous solutions are electrolysed using inert electrodes.

Electrolysis of acidified water (dilute sulfuric acid) and some sulfate salts and alkalis Revision Notes

Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine) and other halide solutions - bromides, iodides Revision Notes

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution (inert or copper electrodes) and electroplating Revision Notes

Electrolysis of copper(II) chloride solution (inert electrodes) Revision Notes

Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid Revision Notes

4.3.5 Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations (HT only)

Know that during electrolysis, at the cathode (negative electrode), positively charged ions gain electrons and so the reactions are reductions.

At the anode (positive electrode), negatively charged ions lose electrons and so the reactions are oxidations.

Reactions at electrodes can be represented by half equations, for example:

2H+ + 2e- ===> H2    a reduction, electron gain

and   4OH- ===> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-    or    4OH- – 4e- ==> O2 + 2H2O   an oxidation, electron loss

Summary of electrode half-equations and products Revision Notes

(lots of examples explained in more detail on the specific electrolysis pages linked to  above)

Test yourself with an Electrolysis Quiz (GCSE 9-1 HT Level (harder)

Test yourself with an Electrolysis Quiz (GCSE 9-1 FT Level (easier)


Topic 5 Energy changes    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Appreciate that energy changes are an important part of chemical reactions. The interaction of particles often involves transfers in energy due to the breaking and formation of bonds. Reactions in which energy is released to the surroundings are exothermic reactions, while those that take in heat (absorb) thermal energy are endothermic.

These interactions between particles can produce heating or cooling effects that are used in a range of everyday applications.

Some interactions between ions in an electrolyte result in the production of electricity.

Cells and batteries use these chemical reactions to generate electricity.

Electricity can also be used to decompose (split) ionic substances and is a useful means of producing elements that are too expensive to extract any other way.

Energy Changes Notes Index Revision Notes

Quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) GCSE chemistry/combined science trilogy Topic 5 Energy Changes quiz content: Energy changes in chemistry, exothermic and endothermic reactions, energy transfers, reaction profiles, bond energy calculations (HT only), need questions on cells and batteries for GCSE Chemistry ONLY

Topic 5 Energy Changes QUIZ (AQA GCSE chemistry)

HT = higher tier (harder - usually more theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier) 


5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions   


5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions   

(AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions

Know that energy is conserved in chemical reactions. The amount of energy in the universe at the end of a chemical reaction is the same as before the reaction takes place. If a reaction transfers energy to the surroundings the product molecules must have less energy than the reactants, by the amount transferred.

An exothermic reaction is one that transfers energy to the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings increases. Exothermic reactions include combustion, many oxidation reactions and neutralisation. Everyday uses of exothermic reactions include selfheating cans and hand warmers.

An endothermic reaction is one that takes in energy from the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. Endothermic reactions include thermal decompositions and the reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate. Some sports injury packs are based on endothermic reactions.

You should be able to:

distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings

evaluate uses and applications of exothermic and endothermic reactions given appropriate information.

Limited to measurement of temperature change.

Calculation of energy changes or ΔH is not required.

You should have investigated the variables that affect temperature changes in reacting solutions such as, eg acid plus metals, acid plus carbonates, neutralisations and displacement of metals.

Calorimeter methods of determining energy changes and EXAMPLES of experiments you can do Revision Notes

Heat changes in chemical/physical changes - exothermic and endothermic Revision Notes

Quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

5.1.2 Reaction profiles   (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Know that chemical reactions can occur only when reacting particles collide with each other and with sufficient energy. The minimum amount of energy that particles must have to react is called the activation energy.

Reaction profiles can be used to show the relative energies of reactants and products, the activation energy and the overall energy change of a reaction.

You should be able to:

draw simple reaction profiles (energy level diagrams) for exothermic and endothermic reactions showing the relative energies of reactants and products, the activation energy and the overall energy change, with a curved line to show the energy as the reaction proceeds

use reaction profiles to identify reactions as exothermic or endothermic

explain that the activation energy is the energy needed for a reaction to occur

Particle model of the collision theory of chemical reaction rate factors Revision Notes

Activation energy and reaction profiles, catalysts and activation energy Revision Notes

Quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)  (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Know that during a chemical reaction:

energy must be supplied to break bonds in the reactants

energy is released when bonds in the products are formed.

The energy needed to break bonds and the energy released when bonds are formed can be calculated from bond energies.

The difference between the sum of the energy needed to break bonds in the reactants and the sum of the energy released when bonds in the products are formed is the overall energy change of the reaction.

In an exothermic reaction, the energy released from forming new bonds is greater than the energy needed to break existing bonds.

In an endothermic reaction, the energy needed to break existing bonds is greater than the energy released from forming new bonds.

You should be able to calculate the energy transferred in chemical reactions using bond energies supplied.

Introduction to bond energy/enthalpy calculations Revision Notes

Quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions


Index of topics for AQA GCSE Chemistry 1 exam


5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Topic 5 Energy Changes QUIZ (AQA GCSE chemistry)

5.2.1 Cells and batteries     (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Know that cells contain chemicals which react to produce electricity. The voltage produced by a cell is dependent upon a number of factors including the type of electrode and electrolyte.

A simple cell can be made by connecting two different metals in contact with an electrolyte.

Batteries consist of two or more cells connected together in series to provide a greater voltage. In non-rechargeable cells and batteries the chemical reactions stop when one of the reactants has been used up. Alkaline batteries are non-rechargeable.

You should be able to interpret data for relative reactivity of different metals and evaluate the use of cells.

You do not need to know details of cells and batteries other than those specified.

You should have experienced the safe and careful use of liquids.

Simple cells (batteries) Revision Notes

5.2.2 Fuel cells    (AQA GCSE Chemistry 1, paper 1, Topic 5 "Energy changes")

Know that fuel cells are supplied by an external source of fuel (eg hydrogen) and oxygen or air. The fuel is oxidised electrochemically within the fuel cell to produce a potential difference.

The overall reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell involves the oxidation of hydrogen to produce water.

Hydrogen fuel cells offer a potential alternative to rechargeable cells and batteries.

You should be able to:

evaluate the use of hydrogen fuel cells in comparison with rechargeable cells and batteries

(HT only) write the half equations for the electrode reactions in the hydrogen fuel cell.

Fuel Cells e.g. the hydrogen - oxygen fuel cell


ALL AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Level 1/Level 2 SCIENCES specifications and syllabus revision summary links


AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) BIOLOGY 8461 GCSE BIOLOGY 1st paper 1 (separate science Topics 1-4)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy biology 8464 combined science biology 1st paper 1 (Topics 1-4)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) BIOLOGY 8461  GCSE BIOLOGY 2nd paper 2  (separate science Topics 5-7)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy Biology 8464 combined science biology 2nd paper 2 Topics 5-7)


AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) CHEMISTRY 8462 GCSE CHEMISTRY 1st Paper 1 (separate science Topics 1-5)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy Chemistry 8464  combined science chemistry 1st paper 3  (Topics 8-12)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) CHEMISTRY 8462 GCSE CHEMISTRY 2nd Paper 2 (separate science Topics 6-10)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy Chemistry 8464 combined science chemistry 2nd paper 4 (Topics 13-17)


AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) PHYSICS 8463 GCSE PHYSICS 1st Paper 1 (separate science Topics 1-4)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy Physics 8464 combined science physics 1st paper 5 (Topics 18-21)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) PHYSICS 8463 GCSE PHYSICS 2nd Paper 2 (separate science Topics 5-8)

AQA GCSE (Grade 9-1) Combined Science Trilogy Physics 8464 combined science physics 2nd paper 6 (Topics 22-24)


Watch out for HT Only sections AND make sure you know exactly which GCSE science course you are doing!

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