ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(for GCSE and A level)
Why
can't we trust atoms? Because they make up everything!
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©
Dr Phil Brown GRIC, PhD:
Doc Brown's chemistry exam revision notes
on
atomic
structure
suitable for students of UK GCSE/A
advanced
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 Sub-index for
this Atomic Structure
page
0.
An introduction to
these pages on atomic structure (this page)
1.
The structure of Atoms – three fundamental particles
2.
'A 'portrait of an atom' and
comparing relative size of particles
3.
Atoms, sub-atomic particles,
atomic number, mass number nuclide notation and diagrams
4.
Isotopes
- definition and examples explained, nuclide notation for isotopes
5.
The electronic
structure of atoms
– rules and relation to the Periodic Table
6.
Which electron arrangements are stable and which are
not and why?
7.
History of atomic structure models, alpha particle scattering experiment
8.
Allotropes - definition - examples explained – don't confuse with isotopes!
9.
The effect of
ionizing radiation on atoms - formation of positive ions
10.
Relative Atomic Mass,
definition and calculation
11.
Introduction to the mass spectrometer
(only for advanced A-level students!)
Some abbreviations used:
A =
mass number/nucleon number, Ar = relative atomic mass, Z = atomic number/proton number
KEYWORDS for
these atomic and electronic structure pages:
allotropes *
alpha particle scattering
experiment *
atoms and
elements *
Atomic (proton) number
Atoms -
fundamental particles *
comparing size of an atom with other particles *
Electron
* Electron arrangement
* Electron shell rules
*
electron
configuration and the periodic table *
history of atomic structure * isotopes
Mass
(nucleon) number
*
Mass spectrometer (advanced students only) * Neutron
Neutron
number *
Nuclide symbol notation
* Periodic Table (and electron structure)
Periodic Table (its general structure)
* 'picture'
of an atom *
plum pudding model
Proton *
stable/unstable
electron arrangements *
size of an atom *
sub-atomic particles
See also
Atomic structure and radioactivity
Quizzes - practice exam questions
0.
An introduction to these pages on
atomic structure
These pages describe the
structure of atoms in terms of the three fundamental sub–atomic particles –
protons, neutrons and electrons. Isotopes are defined with examples and
nuclide notate (e.g. top right picture) is explained.
Early theories and
models of atomic structure are described and explained including the Bohr
theory of the atom. The history of the development of the atomic model is
described in detail, explaining at each stage why the theory of what an atom
is, had to be changed in the light of new evidence.
The simplified
electronic structure of atoms is explained via the rules on filling shells
with electrons. Which electron arrangements are stable? and Why? and which
electron arrangements are unstable giving rise to very reactive elements
like the Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 7 Halogen elements.
The link between the Periodic Table and Electronic Structure is explained
and described with diagrams of the periodic table and electronic structure.
The important historic alpha particle scattering experiment is described,
variations of atomic structure diagrams.
There is a section explaining what
allotropes are, don't confuse with
isotopes! and, on a separate page for advanced level chemistry students, the
mass spectrometer is explained with annotated diagrams and explanatory
notes.
Doc Brown's chemistry notes on atomic structure are
designed to meet the highest standards of knowledge and understanding required
for students/pupils doing AQA, Edexcel, OCR, Salters, CIE, WJEC Eduqas & CCEA advanced A-level
chemistry exam students, US grades 11-12 K12 AP Honors chemistry courses
and for AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC Eduqas &
CCEA GCSE-level chemistry exam student courses, US grades 9-10
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-index
OR Quizzes - practice exam questions
Some basic practice exam questions on atomic structure
(this page)
GCSE level Foundation
(easier) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
GCSE level
Higher (harder) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
|
QUESTIONS
GCSE
level chemistry - practise exam questions on
atomic structure
Jot
down your responses and check out the answers:
ANSWERS
If you think there are
any errors, please email me asap at
chem55555@hotmail.com
I don't mind if students/teachers do a selected printout
of these questions and answers.
You can use a periodic table to help you answer the questions
In terms of atomic structure, define what is meant by
(a) Atomic number
(b) Mass number
(c) electron configuration
Q2 Given the atomic symbol of a neutral atom
 , deduce the numbers of
fundamental particles in the atom.
Q3 (a) Define what is meant by isotopes and give an example.
(b) Define what is meant by allotropes and give an example.
Q4 Given the two atomic symbols
 and
 , what do these two atoms have in
common? and how do they differ in terms of their numbers of fundamental
particles? and are they chemically the same or different? Explain.
Q5 Given the atomic symbols of two ion
ions,
 and
 ,
deduce the numbers of fundamental
particles in the ion.
Q6
Potassium has an atomic number of 19. Write out its
electron arrangement and draw a diagram to show this
electron arrangement. What group of the periodic table
would you expect it to belong to and why?
Don't forget the wider ranging multiple choice exam
practise questions
GCSE level Foundation
(easier) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
GCSE level
Higher (harder) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
|
Mass Spectrometer
(now on a separate page for advanced level students!)
See also Atomic structure
and radioactivity
other associated web pages of
notes or quizzes
FT
GCSE/IGCSE Foundation Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
HT
GCSE/IGCSE
Higher Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
Word-fill quiz
"Atomic
particles of the nucleus and radioactivity"
2nd Word-fill quiz
"Electron
structure and the periodic table"
GCSE/IGCSE
Atomic Structure
Crossword Puzzle
*
ANSWERS!
 Multi–word
gap–fill worksheet on atomic structure
and definitely NOT GCSE/IGCSE
pages on atomic structure
Advanced Level Chemistry notes on electronic structure – s, p, d orbitals
etc.
A Level notes on electron configurations of elements & the periodic table
A Level Notes on mass spectrometers, mass spectrometry and relative atomic
mass
[WEBSITE SEARCH
BOX]
See also Atomic structure
and radioactivity
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Atomic structure explained, what is the nucleus of an atom, properties of proton, neutron &
electron terms of mass, charge, isotopes explained, working out electron arrangements, Rutherford & Bohr models of atom, allotropes, history of atomic structure model development, ionisation of atoms to form ions, Doc Brown's gcse chemistry revision notes quizzes KS4 science, igcse, A level. O Level
Notes on
explaining atomic structure,
the nature of sub-atomic particles, what are isotopes and be able to
write or interpret atomic-nuclear symbol notation and understanding
the link between electronic structure and the periodic table of
elements in terms of groups and periods, how
simple ions are formed and mention of allotropes
- not to be confused with isotopes! Explaining importance of atomic
structure
in GCSE level & A level chemistry, What you need to know about
atomic structure for
GCSE level & A level
chemistry,
Explaining use of atomic structure knowledge in GCSE level & A level chemistry, Examples of
atomic structure
explained when studying GCSE level & A level chemistry, What is the significance
of atomic structure in GCSE level & A level chemistry, describing
explaining theory of atomic structure when studying GCSE level & A level chemistry, exam revision
notes for atomic structure, online help for understanding atomic
structure in GCSE
chemistry, what do I need to learn about atomic structure? what do I need to know
about atomic structure for GCSE chemistry exams, how to prepare for questions on
atomic structure in GCSE
chemistry examination? atomic structure for syllabus-specifications
for students taking the IGCSE/GCSE level & A level chemistry examinations, summary
revision notes key points on atomic structure for students studying AQA
igcse/gcse/A level chemistry notes on atomic structure, Edexcel gcse/A level
chemistry notes on atomic structure, OCR 21st century GCSE/A level
chemistry notes on atomic structure, OCR gateway
GCSE/A level chemistry notes on atomic structure, WJEC gcse/A level chemistry notes on
atomic structure, CCEA
gcse/A level chemistry notes on atomic structure, CIE Cambridge igcse/A level
chemistry, IB advanced level chemistry notes on atomic structure useful for US
grade 9, 10, 11 & 12 chemistry & AP honors chemistry courses
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Brown's Chemistry revision notes, images, quizzes, worksheets etc.
Copying of website material is NOT permitted.
GCSE level and advanced pre-university level
revision notes. Detailed
notes based on the syllabus-specifications for students taking the IGCSE/GCSE
level chemistry examinations summary revision notes and key points about
atomic structure,
for students taking the WJEC gcse
chemistry/physics, CCEA gcse chemistry/physics, CIE igcse chemistry/physics, AQA
igcse/gcse physics, Edexcel gcse chemistry/physics, OCR 21st century chemistry/physics, OCR gateway
chemistry/physics or any other GCSE or IGCSE level chemistry/physics
exams e.g. US grade 9-10 chemistry courses. These atomic structure notes
will also prove useful to UK advanced A level pre-university/college
chemistry students (US grades 11-12 AP Honors. |
|
ANSWERS
GCSE
level chemistry - practise exam questions on
atomic structure
If you think there are
any errors, please email me asap at
chem55555@hotmail.com
I don't mind if students/teachers do a selected printout
of these questions and answers.
You can use a periodic table to help you answer the questions
In terms of atomic structure, define what is meant by
(a) Atomic number
(b) Mass number
(c) electron configuration
ANSWERS
(a) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(b) The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (also known
as the nucleon number).
(c) The arrangement of electrons in the lowest
available energy levels using the rules of the maximum
number of electrons allowed in each level.
Q2 Given the atomic symbol of a neutral atom
, deduce the numbers of
fundamental particles in the atom.
ANSWERS:
27 protons, 27 electrons, 59 - 27 = 32 neutrons.
Q3 (a) Define what is meant by isotopes and give an example.
(b) Define what is meant by allotropes and give an example.
ANSWERS
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with
different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass
numbers e.g. isotopes of carbon: 12C and
14C, atomic number 6, but one isotope has 6
neutrons and the other has 8..
(b) Allotropes are different atomic or molecular
arrangements of the same element in the same physical
state e.g. solid carbon forms diamond and graphite and
the gases oxygen O2 and ozone O3.
Q4 Given the two atomic symbols
and
, what do these two atoms have in
common? and how do they differ in terms of their numbers of fundamental
particles? and are they chemically the same or different? Explain.
ANSWERS
They are the same element bromine, same atomic number
of 35 protons and 35 electrons.
They are isotopes of bromine, mass number 79 with 44
neutrons, mass number 81 with 46 neutrons.
Since these neutral atoms have the same number of
electrons, they will have the same electron
configuration and so behave chemically in an identical
manner.
Q5 Given the atomic symbols of two ion
ions,
and
,
deduce the numbers of fundamental
particles in the ion.
ANSWERS
The top left number is the mass number and the bottom
left number is the atomic number.
the positive
sodium ion Na+,11 protons, 10 electrons (11-1),
12 neutrons (23-11)
the
negative sulfide ion S2-,16 protons, 18 electrons (16+2),
16 neutrons (32-16)
 Q6
Potassium has an atomic number of 19. Write out its
electron arrangement and draw a diagram to show this
electron arrangement.
ANSWERS:
2.8.8.1
You would expect potassium to be in group 1 of the
periodic table because it has one electron in the outer
shell (the outermost energy level occupied by an
electron).
Don't forget the wider ranging multiple choice exam
practise questions
GCSE level Foundation
(easier) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
GCSE level
Higher (harder) Atomic Structure multiple choice QUIZ
|
|
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