(1) When a substance dissolves in water it forms an aqueous solution which may be acidic, 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater or neutral. Water itself is 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater. An 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater can be used to show how acidic or alkaline a solution is by the way the 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater changes. The 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater scale is used to show numerically how acidic or alkaline a solution is. If the pH = 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater the solution is neutral, if the pH is over 7 it is 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater and if it is less than 7 it is 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater.

(2) Q2 Compounds of alkali metals called salts can be made by reacting solutions of their hydroxides which are alkaline with acids. In these neutralisation reactions:
acid + alkaline hydroxide solution ==> a neutral 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater solution + 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater

step A A known volume of acid is measured out with a measuring cylinder or more accurately with a pipette and suction bulb and universal indicator is added and turns 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater.

step B The alkali is added with a measuring cylinder, or more accurately with a 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater.

step C The alkali is added until the indicator turns 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater. The volume required for neutralisation is noted. If too much alkali is added the indicator turns 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater!

step D The procedure can now be 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater without the contaminating indicator. The solution is then 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater to reduce the amount of water.

step E The hot concentrated solution can be left to cool until the salt 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater from solution.

(3) The particular salt produced in any reaction between an acid and an alkali depends on the acid used and the metal in the alkali. Neutralising hydrochloric acid produces a 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater, nitric acid produces a 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater and neutralising sulphuric acid makes a 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater. Ammonia also dissolves in water to produce an 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater solution. This can be neutralised with acids to produce 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater salts. In the salt preparation an indicator can be used to show when acidic and alkaline solutions have been completely 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater to produce a neutral 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater solution.

(4) Q4 Salts of transition metals, as with some other metals, can be made by reacting their 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater, hydroxides or carbonates with acids. Transition metal oxides and hydroxides do not 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater in water and are called insoluble 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater.

step A To produce a solution of a soluble transition metal salt, the metal oxide (or hydroxide or carbonate) is added to an acid until no more will react.

step B The excess metal oxide (or hydroxide) can then be 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater off. The fact that no more 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater tells you all the acid has been 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater.

step C The clear 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater solution is then warmed to 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater water until the salt 7acidicalkalineammoniumbasesblueburettechloridecolourcrystallisesdissolvedissolvesevaporateevaporatedfilteredfiltrategreenindicatorneutralneutralisednitrateoxidespHredrepeatedsaltsulphatewater from soltion.