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INDEX of
GCSE level CHEMISTRY REVISION
NOTES
Many links below
are themselves a sub-index to multiple sections on the sub-topic. My
~14-16 aged school GCSE level chemistry exam
revision notes links
are grouped under:
1.
Important basics of CHEMISTRY, what use is
chemistry?, methods of separating mixtures
2.
Chemical analysis - chemical tests used in
school/college laboratories
3.
Acids, Alkalis, pH scale, bases, neutralisation, salt
preparations and tests for ions and gases
4.
Water and aspects of aqueous chemistry
5.
The Periodic Table, Periods, Groups and Series of
Elements
6.
Reversible reactions, chemical equilibrium,
ammonia, nitric acid, fertilisers, pollution
7.
Reactivity Series of Metals, Experiments and
Corrosion
8.
The Mining and Extraction of Metals - iron, copper,
aluminium, recycling
9.
Aspects of industrial chemistry,
applications of chemical industry, life cycle assessments
10.
Electrochemistry and Electrolysis
Experiments, fuel cells
11.
What controls the rate (speed) of chemical reactions?
theory, experimental procedures
12.
Energy transfer changes in chemistry - exothermic and
endothermic reactions
13.
States of Matter - Gases, Liquids and Solids -
Particle Models
14. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding - ionic,
covalent and metallic
15.
Materials Science - Nanochemistry and Smart
Materials
16.
OIL and its useful products and an Introduction to
Organic Chemistry
17.
Atmospheric and Earth Science - types of rocks and plate tectonics
18.
Chemical Calculations - how to solve numerical
problems in chemistry
19.
Radioactivity, alpha, beta & gamma ionising
radiations, nuclear power
Groups of associated notes and quiz links (UK GCSE and US
grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
1. Some
important basics of CHEMISTRY and of
what use is chemistry?
including methods of separating mixtures
Some important
ideas and definitions in Chemistry, what is a chemical change-reaction?
See also
Law of Conservation of Mass
Methods of
Separating Mixtures
Distillation - Simple and
Fractional
Distillation also acts as an index page
for several associated topics
Paper
& thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc)
Filtration, evaporation,
crystallisation, drying
and
decantation
Separating
funnel, magnet, solvent extraction, centrifuge
How to write
and interpret chemical equations, work out formula and name compounds
Quizzes-Worksheets section 1.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Types of Chemical Reactions or Chemical Processes
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 1.
Uses
of Chemicals - 220+ examples briefly described
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
2. Chemical
analysis - chemical tests used in school/college
laboratories - methods, observations and deductions
Introduction to
ANALYSIS, qualitative chemical Identification tests &
qualitative chemical analysis
& hazard symbols
Qualitative tests to identify organic molecule functional
groups of homologous series
Tests for metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion
Tests for gases,
water and non-metallic elements
Tests for anions (negative ions)
Summary of tests for GCSE level
chemistry of some common ions, including
flame colours,
spectra, element identification
Paper
& thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc)
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
Methods of preparing and collecting gases revision notes
QUIZ and
notes on
Chemical
tests for identification section 23
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
3.
Reactions of acids and alkalis, pH scale, bases,
neutralisation, salt preparation methods, tests for ions and gases,
INDEX of pH scale, acids,
alkalis, salts
Everyday examples of acid-alkali chemistry
and hazard warning symbols
pH scale, indicators, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation
Acid reactions with
metals, oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and neutralisation reactions
Reactions of bases-alkalis
like ammonia and sodium hydroxide
Methods
of making salts and a summary of tests for common ions
Making a salt by neutralising a soluble acid with a soluble base (alkali) -
neutralisation reaction
Preparing a salt by reacting an acid with a metal or with an
insoluble base - oxide, hydroxide or carbonate
Preparing an
insoluble salt by mixing solutions of two soluble compounds
Making a
salt by directly combining its constituent elements
Changes in pH in a
neutralisation - pH curves graphs
Important formulae,
salt solubility and water of crystallisation
More on Acid-Base Theory
of Weak and Strong
Acids, examples explained
Volumetric titration analysis calculations, acid-alkali titrations
(methods and diagrams of apparatus).
Summary of tests for some
common ions
and gases
Introduction to
qualitative tests and chemical analysis
TESTS for
Metal cations (positive ions), metal carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions (acids)
TESTS for Anions (negative ions) including hydroxide
(alkalis)
TESTS for Gases,
water and non–metallic elements
Quizzes-Worksheets section 12.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry
notes)
4.
WATER and aspects of aqueous chemistry
INDEX of water notes
Water
cycle, treatment including filtration and chlorination, pollution
Colloids - sols, foam and emulsions,
section on paints and pigments
Hard
and soft water - causes and treatment
Gas and salt solubility
in water and solubility curves
Calculation of water of crystallisation
The Reactivity Series of Metals
including their reaction with water
Corrosion
- Rusting of Iron - water and oxygen required
Group 1
The Alkali Metals including reaction with water
Electrolysis of water (dilute sulfuric acid,
sodium hydroxide, certain salts)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry
notes)
5. The
Periodic Table, Periods, Groups and Series of
Elements
Atomic Structure
with reference to Periodic Table
The Periodic Table - overview and summary
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 3.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Group 1
The Alkali Metals,
physical & chemical properties, uses
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 4.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Group 7
The Halogens,
physical & chemical properties
See also
Salt NaCl extraction,
electrolysis products, uses of halogens
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 8.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Group 0
Noble Gases
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 7.
Transition
Metals
- chemistry, properties and uses
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 5.
(opens in new window for convenience)
ELEMENT
DATA - huge database
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry
notes)
6.
Explaining examples of reversible reactions & chemical equilibrium,
synthesis of ammonia, nitric acid and fertilisers etc.
Sub-index page for these sections listed
below
Reversible Reactions
Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
The
Haber Synthesis of ammonia
The Uses of ammonia-nitric acid-fertilisers,
making fertiliser salts
Fertilisers - environmental problems
- eutrophication
The nitrogen cycle
Quizzes-Worksheets section 9.
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
7.
Reactivity Series of Metals, experiments and Corrosion
The Reactivity Series of Metals
Corrosion
- Rusting of Iron and Introduction to oxidation & reduction - redox reactions
Metal Reactivity Series
Experiments-Observations and explanations
Quizzes-Worksheets section 14.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
8. The
Mining and Extraction of Metals
INDEX
and introduction to the extraction of metals
Introduction to Metal Extraction
Extraction of Iron and Steel Making
Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium
Extraction and Purification of Copper
Extraction of Zinc, Titanium and Chromium
Economic & environmental Issues -
emphasis on metal extraction and recycling
Quizzes-Worksheets section 13.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Wider ranging quizzes on metals
section 6.
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
9. More on aspects of
industrial chemistry - applications of chemistry, life
cycle assessments
Limestone, lime
- uses, thermal decomposition of carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates
Enzymes and
Biotechnology
Contact Process, the importance of sulfuric acid
How can metals be made more
useful? (alloys of Al, Fe, steel etc.)
The importance of titanium
Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry Economics,
Sustainability & Life Cycle Assessment
Products of the Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industries & impact on us
The Principles & Practice of Chemical
Production - Synthesising Molecules
See also
Economic & environmental Issues -
emphasis on mining, metal extraction and recycling
Salt NaCl extraction, electrolysis products, uses of halogens
The
chemistry and economics of the
Haber Synthesis of ammonia
Fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of fractions
The
Haber Synthesis of ammonia
Introduction to Metal Extraction
Electrochemistry, electrolysis
and applications
Introduction to 'Formulation Chemistry' e.g. cosmetics, shampoos, paints,
pesticides etc.
Quizzes-Worksheets section 10.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
10.
Electrochemistry
and electrolysis, simple cells and batteries
INDEX
Electrochemistry, electrolysis
and applications
Introduction to electrolysis – electrolytes,
non–electrolytes, electrode equations
Electrolysis of water (dilute sulfuric acid,
sodium hydroxide, certain salts)
Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine)
See also
Salt - NaCl - extraction -
products uses of halogens
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution
Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
(and other molten compounds)
Electrolysis of copper(II)
chloride solution
Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid
Summary of electrode equations and products
Summary of electrolysis products from various
electrolytes
Simple cells (batteries)
Simple
batteries and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
See also
Extraction of Aluminium and Sodium
Extraction and Purification of Copper,
electroplating
Electrolysis products calculations
(negative cathode and positive anode products)
Quizzes-Worksheets section 21.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry
notes)
11. The RATE (speed) of chemical reactions,
factors,
collision theory and experimental procedures for investigations
INDEX- Factors affecting the
rates-speeds of chemical reactions GCSE revision study notes
What do we mean by
the rate/speed of reaction? Examples, How do we measure rate? Experimental methods
Collision theory of
chemical reactions and activation energy
Effect of
changing concentration on rate
Effect of
changing pressure on rate
Effect of
changing particle size/surface area & stirring of a solid reactant on
rate
Effect of
changing temperature on rate
Effect of
using a catalyst on rate
Light
initiated reactions
More examples of graphs
and their interpretation
Quizzes-Worksheets section 2.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
12.
Energy transfer changes in chemistry - exothermic and
endothermic reactions - examples described
Sub-index of energy changes-transfers
in chemical reactions notes
Heat changes in chemical/physical
changes - exothermic and endothermic
Reversible reactions and energy changes
Activation energy and reaction profiles
Catalysts
and activation energy
Introduction to bond energy/enthalpy calculations
Calorimeter methods of determining energy changes
Energy transfer calculations from calorimeter results
See also
The hydrogen-oxygen
fuel cell
Burning Fossil Fuels
Fuel uses of oil fractions, What
makes a good fuel?
Combustion of hydrocarbons
Quizzes-Worksheets section 15.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
13.
States of Matter - Gases, Liquids and Solids - Properties
explained using Particle
Models
INDEX of States of Matter Notes
Quizzes-Worksheets section 16.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes (UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
14.
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding - examples of ionic, covalent and
metallic bonded substances
Atomic Structure
including isotopes
and
Quizzes-Worksheets section 17.
INDEX of all
Types of Chemical Bonding and Materials Science Notes
Introduction to
Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding - compounds and properties
Covalent Bonding -small simple molecules and properties
Covalent Bonding - macromolecules and giant covalent structures
Metallic Bonding - structure and properties of metals
Quizzes-Worksheets chemical
bonding section 18.
(opens in new window for convenience)
Atomic
structure, isotopes, electronic structure Quizzes section 17.
(opens in new window
)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
15.
Materials
Science - Nanochemistry and Smart Materials
A general
survey of the properties and uses of a range of materials (natural &
synthetic)
INDEX
and introduction
to NANOCHEMISTRY
General introduction to nanoscience
and commonly used terms explained
NANOCHEMISTRY - an introduction and potential
applications
Uses of Nanoparticles of titanium(IV) oxide, fat and silver
From fullerenes & bucky balls to carbon nanotubes
Graphene and
Fluorographene
Cubic and hexagonal boron nitride BN
Problems, issues and
implications associated with
using nanomaterials
INDEX and introduction to
SMART MATERIALS which
obviously overlaps with nanomaterials
Chromogenic - thermochromic
pigments, paints, photochromic, electrochromic & phosphorescent materials
Shape memory alloys e.g. Nitinol
& uses and Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
Shape
memory polymers, pH and temperature sensitive-responsive polymers,
Self-healing materials
Lycra-Spandex
High
performance polymers like Kevlar
Gore-Tex, Thinsulate and Teflon-PTFE
Piezoelectric
effect (piezoelectric materials) & Photochromic materials
Carbon
fibres
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
16
OIL and its useful products and an Introduction to Organic
Chemistry - alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids & esters
INDEX
Chemistry Oil & Organic Chemistry Pages
Fossil Fuels and Carbon Cycle
Fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of fractions,
What makes a good fuel?
ALKANES - saturated hydrocarbons,
physical and chemical properties - combustion
Pollution, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, climate change-global warming
(3 relevant pages)
ALKENES - unsaturated hydrocarbons,
physical and chemical properties
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
Cracking - a problem of supply and demand, other products
Addition polymers - plastics,
structure, manufacture and uses
e.g. PE, PP, PVC, PTFE, PS
More on the
uses of plastics, issues with using plastics, solutions and recycling
methods
Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Why so many series of
organic compounds?
Alcohols - Ethanol
- manufacture, properties and reactions
Biofuels,
biomass, biodiesel, comparison of alternative fuels
Carboxylic acids
- chemistry and uses
Esters preparation
- chemistry and uses - flavourings, perfumes, solvents etc.
More on Addition
polymers & condensation polymers, comparing thermoplastics, thermosets,
fibres and uses
Natural Molecules - carbohydrates - sugars
- starch
Amino acids, proteins,
enzymes & chromatography
Oils, fats,
margarine and soaps
Vitamins, drugs-analgesic medicines & food
additives
Ozone, CFC's and free
radicals
Quizzes-Worksheets section 11.
(opens in new window for
convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
17.
Earth Science - types of rocks and plate tectonics
INDEX of
Earth Science
and the lithosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, biosphere
The
evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and
the Carbon Cycle
Our Atmosphere - composition, determining % oxygen, uses of gases in air
Recycling of gases, carbon cycle, global warming, oxygen
balance, photosynthesis, changes to
atmosphere
See also
Fossil Fuels and Carbon Cycle
Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere - changes over billions of years,
origin of life
Summary of the Rock Cycle and Types of
Rock
Erosion of Rocks - chemical and physical
weathering
Igneous Rocks
- granite and basalt etc.
Sedimentary Rocks & fossils - limestone and sandstone
etc.
Metamorphic Rocks
- marble and slate etc.
The Structure of the Earth
- crust, mantle and core layers
Tectonic Plates
- plates movement and their effects
More on Plate Tectonics
and Subduction zones
A few geology and atmospheric comments on
our moon and other planets
Quizzes-Worksheets section 20.
(opens in new window for convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level
chemistry notes)
18. Chemical
Calculations - how to solve numerical problems in
chemistry - lots of examples explained plus practise questions
INDEX
of Chemical Calculations for GCSE and AS (basic)
What is
relative atomic mass? (Ar) and
relative isotopic mass
Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound or element molecule
Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
Composition by percentage (%) mass of elements
in a compound
Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting masses
(easy start, not using moles)
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products
(NOT using
moles and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield,
atom economy
and formula mass determination
Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations
(NOT using moles)
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass).
Using
moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(starting with reacting masses or % composition)
Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
Reacting gas volume
ratios, Avogadro's Law
and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous
reactants-products)
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
Volumetric titration analysis calculations, acid-alkali titrations
(methods and diagrams of apparatus).
Electrolysis products calculations
(negative cathode and positive anode products)
Other calculations
Explaining and calculating % purity of a product
Explaining and calculating % reaction yield,
reasons why never 100%
Explaining and calculating atom economy
Dilution of solutions calculations
Water of crystallisation
calculations
Calculation of how
much of a reactant is needed?
Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, activation energies and reaction profiles
Gas calculations involving PVT relationships,
Boyle's and Charles Laws
Chemical calculation
quizzes - with notes index (opens in new window for
convenience)
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
19.
Radioactivity, alpha, beta & gamma ionising
radiations, properties and uses, dangers and nuclear power
INDEX
Radioactivity
and Nuclear Power GCSE/AS revision study notes
The
Structure of Atoms - 3 fundamental particles
What
it is an atom like?
What
is Radioactivity? Why does it happen?
How
did they find out there were three types of atomic-ionising radiation?
Detection of Radioactivity and its measurement, units
Ionising Radiation sources
The
properties of the three types of radioactive emission and symbols
The
dangers of radioactive emissions - beware of ionising radiation from radio-isotopes!
The
uses of radioactive Isotopes emitting alpha, beta or gamma radiation
The half-life of a radioisotope - how
long does material remain radioactive? implications!
Uses of decay data and half-life values
archaeological radiocarbon dating, dating rocks
What
actually happens in alpha and beta radioactive decay?
The
production of Radioisotopes - artificial sources
Nuclear
fusion reactions and the formation of 'heavy elements'
Nuclear Fission Reactions, nuclear power energy resource
Quizzes-Worksheets section 22
TOP OF PAGE and
sub-indexes
(UK GCSE and US grades 9-10 level chemistry notes)
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