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Revision summary help for
the OCR Gateway Science A GCSE 9-1 CHEMISTRY A 1st Exam
paper
-
learning objectives for exam papers
(re-edit)
OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (Grade
9-1) in
Chemistry A (Gateway Science) (J248) Foundation Tier Paper 1/Higher
Tier Paper 3 - OCR (Grade 9-1) Gateway GCSE
Chemistry A Topic C1 "Particles", Topic C2 "Elements, compounds and
mixtures", Topic C3 "Chemical reactions", Topic C7
"Practical skills" for Gateway 2020 GCSE chemistry exam
papers onwards
LINK for
OCR Gateway Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 2nd paper
C1-C7
LINK
GCSE Gateway Combined Science 1st chemistry
paper C1-3, CS7
LINK
GCSE Gateway Combined Science 2nd chemistry
paper C1-6, CS7
GCSE Chemistry Revision Notes
This is a BIG
website, you need to take time to explore it [SEARCH
BOX]
Use your
mobile phone 'landscape'
orientation?
See also
OCR 21st Century Sciences B Revision
Links
email doc
brown - query? or comment?
For ALL other exam
papers, use and bookmark the link below
 INDEX
for all links
PLEASE READ
CAREFULLY THE FOLLOWING POINTS before using my OCR Gateway 9-1 GCSE
science pages
-
ALL
my unofficial GCSE (Grade 9-1) revision help summaries are based on
the NEW 2016 official OCR Gateway Science A (Grade 9-1) GCSE
CHEMISTRY/combined science chemistry specifications.
-
Make sure you know whether you are doing
separate science OCR Gateway Science A GCSE grade 9-1 CHEMISTRY OR
OCR GCSE Gateway Science A Combined
Science chemistry and double check your exam table from school, college
or academy.
-
Also, make sure you know whether you are
entered for a higher tier (HT) or a foundation
tier (FT) OCR GCSE Gateway science-chemistry course, so
watch out for the (HT only) 'markers'.
-
I hope my revision pages help as you get to
know my website, its very big and not always easy to navigate,
but it is no substitute for making good lesson notes, trying
your best on homework questions, studying your textbook, doing
past papers of OCR GCSE Gateway combined science/chemistry for
exam question practice and, above all, attentive to your
teacher's teaching!
- I know from feedback that my gcse science summary
revision pages have proved useful but they do not guarantee a high grade,
that all depends on you and the factors mentioned in point 4. above. Please
note that my GCSE science revision pages are designed to be used for online
convenience, so, beware, printouts could be quite long!
- It is really important that YOU cross-check,
from my web pages, the learning objectives from the syllabus-specification
with YOUR own lesson/revision notes and textbooks for YOUR OCR
Gateway Science A GCSE 9-1 chemistry course.
- If you think there is any ERROR in
my multiple choice chemistry quizzes PLEASE EMAIL me the
URL quiz link and quote the reference number in square brackets
at the end of the question e.g. [xx-yy]. Some quizzes,
particularly the compilations, are quite large and take some
time to download.
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'Doc b's chemistry' is a big
website so the
Google [SEARCH] box at the bottom of each index or revision notes
page can be VERY USEFUL - sometimes its better than the indexes
for finding things!
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Links to specific GCSE chemistry
notes and quizzes about the topic in question have been added, and from these
pages, you may find other links to more useful material linked to
the topic.
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When it comes to the final exam papers,
at that point, YOU ARE THEN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GRADE YOU ACHIEVE, not your
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so make sure you are properly prepared!
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If there is anything about the
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NOTE on grades: Foundation Tier
FT grades 1 to 5 and Higher Tier HT grades 4 to 9. In
terms of old grades the following is an approximate comparison: grades 7-9
(A-A*), 4-6 (C-B), 1-3 (G-D), U (U) (from OFQUAL Jan 2018)
Syllabus-specification CONTENT INDEX of revision summary notes
Revision summaries
for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Science CHEMISTRY A FT Paper 1/HT Paper 3 (this page)
What is assessed in this paper?
(for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway separate science GCSE CHEMISTRY)
The 1st chemistry paper
assesses Topics C1, C2, C3 and C7
What's assessed in this
paper?
Revision
SUMMARY
of Topic C1: Particles:
Containing sections
C1.1 The particle model,
C1.2 Atomic structure
Revision
SUMMARY of Topic C2: Elements, compounds and mixtures:
Containing sections
C2.1 Purity and separating mixtures,
C2.2 Bonding,
C2.3 Properties of materials
Revision
SUMMARY of Topic C3: Chemical reactions:
Containing sections
C3.1 Introducing chemical reactions,
C3.2 Energetics
C3.3 Types of chemical reactions,
C3.4 Electrolysis
Revision Topic C7 Practical
skills
Revision summaries
for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Science CHEMISTRY A FT Paper 4/HT Paper 10
(separate page)
What is assessed in this paper?
(for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway separate science GCSE CHEMISTRY)
2nd chemistry paper assesses
Topics C4, C5, C6 and C7, BUT assumes knowledge of Topics C1, C2, C3
Revision
SUMMARY of Topic C4: Predicting and identifying reactions and products:
Containing sections
C4.1 Predicting chemical reactions
C4.2 Identifying the products of chemical reactions
Revision
SUMMARY of Topic C5: Monitoring and controlling chemical reactions:
Containing sections
C5.1 Monitoring chemical reactions
C5.2 Controlling reactions
C5.3 Equilibria
Revision
SUMMARY of Topic C6: Global challenges:
Containing sections
C6.1 Improving processes and products
C6.2 Organic chemistry
C6.3 Interpreting
& interacting with Earth systems
Revision Topic C7 Practical
skills (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
separate science GCSE CHEMISTRY)
TOPICS for
OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A FT Paper 1/HT Paper 3
Topic C1:
Particles
Chemistry key ideas for all
topics (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway separate science GCSE
CHEMISTRY)
Chemistry is the science of the
composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter,
understood in terms of atoms, atomic particles and the way they are
arranged and link together. It is concerned with the synthesis,
formulation, analysis and characteristic properties of substances
and materials of all kinds.
You should appreciate the
achievements of chemistry in showing how the complex and diverse
phenomena of both the natural and man-made worlds can be described
in terms of a small number of key ideas which are of universal
application, and which can be illustrated in the separate topics set
out below. These ideas include:
• matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms and there are about 100 different
naturally occurring types of atoms called elements
• elements show periodic
relationships in their chemical and physical properties these
periodic properties can be explained in terms of the atomic
structure of the elements
• atoms bond by either
transferring electrons from one atom to another or by sharing
electrons
• the shapes of molecules
(groups of atoms bonded together) and the way giant structures
are arranged is of great importance in terms of the way they
behave
• there are barriers to
reaction so reactions occur at different rates
• chemical reactions take
place in only three different ways:
• proton transfer
• electron transfer
• electron sharing
• energy is conserved in
chemical reactions so can therefore be neither created or
destroyed.
A page of important
ideas, concepts and definitions for chemistry students
Topic C1 Particles
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper)
OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1
Chemistry Topic C1 "Particles" quiz content for
chemistry 1: Particle models - states of matter - gases, liquids &
solids, state changes, sub-atomic model of an atom, history of
atomic structure theory, atomic notation of atoms
(higher tier HT/foundation tier FT)
For HT/FT students
 Topic
C1 "Particles"
QUIZ (OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry)
HT = higher tier (harder -
usually more
theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)
1st drafts Gateway chemistry quizzes
C1.1 The particle model
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C1 "Particles")
Appreciate you can use a particle model
to explain the
different states of matter. A simple particle model can be to used to represent the
arrangement of particles in the different states of matter and to explain
observations during changes in state. It does not, however, explain why
different materials have different properties. This explanation is that the
particles themselves and how they are held together must be different in some
way.
Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom and atoms
of different elements can combine to make compounds.
You should be familiar with the different states of matter and their
properties.
You should also be familiar with changes of state in terms of the
particle model. You should have sufficient understanding of the particle model
to be able to apply it to unfamiliar materials and contexts.
Common misconceptions - the idea that matter is continuous eg the space
between gas particles is filled or non-existent, or that particles
expand when they are heated. You also need to appreciate the concept
of changes in state being reversible. Other problem concepts might be when you
represent three dimensional shapes in two dimensions and vice versa when looking
at chemical structures e.g. allotropes of carbon.
C1.1a Be able to describe the main features of the particle model in terms of states of matter
and change of state
C1.1b Be able to explain in terms of the particle model the distinction between physical changes
and chemical changes
C1.1c (HT only) Be able to explain the limitations of the particle model in relation to changes of state
when particles are represented by inelastic spheres (e.g. like bowling balls).
Appreciate
that it does not take into account the forces of attraction between particles,
the size of particles and the space between them.
Practical - observations of change of state with comparison to chemical changes.
States of Matter
- particle theory - gas, liquid & solid properties-behaviour, state
changes Revision Notes
Multiple choice quiz on States of Matter (gases, liquids & solids) and State
Changes
Easy multiple choice quiz on
"Particle models of gases, liquids and solids and solutions"
4 Easy word-fill quizzes on
"The Particles Model of Gases, Liquids and Solids"
7Gwf1 *
7Gwf2 *
7Gwf3 *
7Gwf4
3 Linked easy quizzes on "The
States of Matter" States1mp
* States2mp *
States3mp (very
basic questions)
C1.2 Atomic structure
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C1 "Particles")
An atom is the smallest component
of an element that gives an element its property. These properties
can be explained by models of atomic structure.
Current models suggest that atoms are made of smaller sub-atomic particles
called protons, neutrons and electrons. The models suggest that atoms are composed of
a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus is composed of neutrons and
protons. Atoms of each element have the same number of protons as electrons.
Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. Atoms of the same
element will have the same number of protons but may have different numbers of
neutrons.
Common misconceptions: understanding the concept of isotopes due to
the fact you may think that neutral atoms have the same number of protons and
neutrons. You may find it difficult to distinguish between the properties of
atoms and molecules.
Another common misconception is that a positive ion gains
protons or a negative ion loses electrons i.e. that there is a change in the
nucleus of the atom rather than a change in the number of electrons.
Be
able to relate size and scale of atoms to objects in the physical
world and be able to estimate size and scale of atoms and nanoparticles
C1.2a Be able to describe how and why the atomic model has changed over time
including the models of Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, Geiger and Marsden.
C1.2b Be able to describe the atom as a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively
charged electrons, with the nuclear radius much smaller than that of the atom
and with most of the mass in the nucleus
C1.2c Know the typical size (order of magnitude) of atoms and small molecules
- the concept that typical atomic radii and bond length are in the order of 10-10m
C1.2d Know the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and
electrons
C1.2e
Be able to calculate numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions, given
atomic number and mass number of isotopes. Know the
definitions of an ion, atomic number, mass number and an isotope and the
standard notation to represent these terms.
Atomic Structure
- nucleus, electrons, isotopes, history etc. Revision Notes
Multiple choice quiz on
Atomic
structure, isotopes
Atomic Structure crossword puzzle
*
Answers
Gap-fill worksheet on Atomic Structure
Matching pair quiz on Atomic and electronic structure
1. fundamental particles
Extra Word-fill quiz
"Atomic
structure and elements"
Extra Word-fill quiz
2
"Atomic Structure"
Topic C2
Elements, compounds and mixtures
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper)
OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1
Chemistry Topic C2 "Elements, compounds and
mixtures" quiz content for chemistry 1: Separating mixtures,
chemical bonding and properties of ionic, covalent and metallic
structures
(higher tier HT/foundation tier FT)
HT students
Topic
C2 "Elements, compounds & mixtures"
QUIZ (OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry)
FT students
Topic
C2 "Elements, compounds & mixtures"
QUIZ (OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry)
HT = higher tier (harder -
usually more
theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)
1st drafts Gateway chemistry quizzes
C2.1 Purity and separating mixtures
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C2 "Elements, compounds
and mixtures")
Know in chemical terms elements and compounds are pure substances and mixtures are
impure substances. Chemically pure substances can be identified using melting
point. Many useful materials that we to use today are mixtures. There are many
methods of separating mixtures including filtration, crystallisation,
distillation and chromatographic techniques.
You should be familiar with the concept of pure substances. You should
have met simple separation techniques of mixtures. Know about the identification of pure
substances in terms of melting point, boiling point and chromatography.
Common
misconceptions: Don't confuse the word pure with natural (untampered
with). Don't think that when a substance dissolves that the solution is pure and
not a mixture.
C2.1a Be able to explain what is meant by the purity of a substance, distinguishing between the
scientific and everyday use of the word purity.
Be able to use of the term ‘pure’. Practical on purifying compounds.
Filtration, evaporation,
crystallisation, drying
and
decantation Revision Notes
these techniques are
used as 'purifying' procedures e.g. in preparing salts
C2.1b Be able to use melting point data to distinguish pure from impure substances.
Practical - measurement of melting point.
Definitions in chemistry
eg atom, molecule, formula, element, compound, mixture, pure, impure etc.
Notes
Easy multiple choice quiz on
"Atoms, elements, compounds
and mixtures"
(questions on basic chemistry)
4 Easy linked word-fill
quizzes on "Atoms, Elements and Compounds"
8Ewf1 *
8Ewf2 *
8Ewf3 *
8Ewf4
5 Easy linked word-fill
quizzes on "Compounds and Mixtures"
8Fwf1 *
8Fwf2 *
8Fwf3 *
8Fwf4 *
8Fwf5
Easy matching pair quiz on "Elements,
Compounds and Mixtures" ecm1mp
(matching particle model pictures)
C2.1c Be able to calculate relative formula masses of species separately and in a balanced
chemical equation. Know the definition of relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative
formula mass
What is
relative atomic mass? (Ar) and calculating relative atomic mass
Revision Notes
Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound or element molecule
Revision Notes
Type in answer quiz on
relative formula mass
Multiple Choice quiz on
relative formula mass
C2.1d Be able to deduce the empirical formula of a compound from the relative numbers of atoms
present or from a model or diagram and vice versa
Empirical formula and formula mass of a compound from reacting
(examples near
top of page) Revision Notes
empirical formula & molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(examples near
top of page) Revision Notes
C2.1e Be able to explain that many useful materials are formulations of mixtures
including alloys.
Metals – structure and properties
(including alloys) Revision Notes
The Transition
Metals - alloys and aluminium Revision Notes
Introduction to formulations and examples explained
Revision Notes
C2.1f Be able to describe and exemplify the processes of filtration, crystallisation,
simple distillation, and fractional distillation -
know the techniques of filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation
and fractional distillation.
Practicals - separation of mixtures, purification of compounds and distillation
of mixtures
C2.1g Be able to describe the techniques of paper and thin layer chromatography
- practical exercise using these techniques.
C2.1h Know that chromatography involves a stationary and a mobile phase and that
separation depends on the distribution between the phases -
identification of the mobile and stationary phases
C2.1i Be able to interpret chromatograms, including measuring Rf
values know and use of the Rf formula.
C2.1j Be able to suggest suitable purification techniques given information about the substances
involved
C2.1k Be able to suggest chromatographic methods for distinguishing pure from impure substances
including paper, thin layer (TLC) and gas chromatography. Practical
- using chromatography to identify mixtures of dyes in an unknown ink.
Links
for C2.f to C2.1k
Distillation - Simple and
Fractional
Distillation Revision Notes
Paper
& thin layer chromatography (tlc) and gas chromatography (gc, glc)
Revision Notes
Filtration, evaporation,
crystallisation, drying
and
decantation Revision Notes
4 linked easy quizzes on "Separation of
Mixtures" 7Hwf1 *
7Hwf2 *
7Hwf3 *
7Hwf4
C2.2 Bonding
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C2 "Elements, compounds
and mixtures")
A simple electron energy level
model can be used to explain the basic chemical properties of
elements. When chemical reactions occur, they can be explained in
terms of losing, gaining or sharing of electrons. The ability of an atom to
lose, gain or share electrons depends on its atomic structure. Atoms that lose
electrons will bond with atoms that gain electrons. Electrons will be
transferred between the atoms to form a positive ion and a negative ion. These
ions attract one another in what is known as an ionic bond. Atoms that share
electrons can bond with other atoms that share electrons to form a molecule.
Atoms in these molecules are held together by covalent bonds.
You should be familiar with the simple (Dalton) atomic model.
Common misconceptions - appreciate that the nucleus of an atom does not change
when an electron is lost, gained or shared, its sometimes difficult to
predict the numbers of atoms that must bond in order to achieve a stable outer
level of electrons, don't think chemical bonds are physical things made
of matter (they are forces between particles). Don't think that pairs of ions such as Na+ and Cl– are molecules.
Be aware of the 3D nature of bonding and therefore the
shape of molecules. Be able to estimate size and scale of atoms and nanoparticles
and be able to
represent three dimensional shapes in two dimensions and vice versa when looking
at chemical structures e.g. allotropes of carbon. You may also have to
translate information between diagrammatic and numerical forms.
C2.2a Be able to describe metals and non-metals and
be able to explain the differences between them on the
basis of their characteristic physical and chemical properties
including physical properties, formation of ions and common reactions e.g. with oxygen to
form oxides.
C2.2b Be able to explain how the atomic structure of metals and non-metals relates to their
position in the Periodic Table
C2.2c Be able to explain how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to the
arrangement of electrons in its atoms and hence to its atomic number
- reference to group number and period number.
Atomic Structure
- electronic structure Revision Notes
Periodic Table Notes -
an overview, groups, periods, metals & non-metals Revision Notes
Extra Word-fill quiz
"Atomic
structure and elements"
*
Extra Word-fill quiz
2
"Atomic Structure"
C2.2d Be able to describe and compare the nature and arrangement of chemical bonds in:
(i) ionic compounds, (ii) simple molecules, (iii) giant covalent structures, (iv) polymers,
(v) metals
You should have make
some ball and stick models of molecules.
Introduction to
Chemical Bonding
Introduction to
Types of Chemical Bonding
and Materials Science
Ionic compounds
- structure and properties Revision Notes
Covalent small simple molecules
- structure and properties Revision Notes
Macromolecules, giant covalent structures,
polymers - structure and properties Notes
Metals – structure and properties
(including alloys) Revision Notes
Addition polymer
structure - properties and uses including poly(ethene) Revision Notes
C2.2e Be able to explain chemical bonding in terms of electrostatic forces and the transfer or
sharing of electrons
Introduction to Chemical Bonding Revision Notes and links above
C2.2f Be able to construct dot and cross diagrams for simple covalent and binary ionic substances
Ionic
bonding and ionic compounds and their properties Revision Notes
Covalent
bonding and small molecules and their properties Revision Notes
C2.2g Be able to describe the limitations of particular representations and models to include dot
and cross diagrams, ball and stick models and two and three dimensional
representations.
C2.2h Be able to explain how the reactions of elements are related to the arrangement of
electrons in their atoms and hence to their atomic number
C2.2i Be able to explain in terms of atomic number how Mendeleev’s arrangement was refined into
the modern Periodic Table
Periodic Table Notes -
an overview, groups, periods, metals & non-metals, history
Revision Notes
Some general 'bonding'
word-fill quizzes
Word-fill quiz
"Metal Structure and Ionic Compounds"
*
Word-fill quiz
"The structure and
uses of different forms of
carbon"
Word-fill quiz
"Simple Covalent Molecular Substances"
Word-fill quiz
"Molecular modelling and bonding
diagrams of covalent molecules"
C2.3 Properties of materials
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C2 "Elements, compounds
and mixtures")
This section explores the physical properties of elements and compounds and how
the nature of their bonding is a factor in their properties.
You should know the difference between an atom, element and compound.
Common misconceptions
- you have a limited understanding of chemical reactions, for
example substances may explode, burn, contract, expand or change state.
C2.3a Know that carbon can form four covalent bonds
C2.3b Be able to explain that the vast array of natural and synthetic organic compounds occur due
to the ability of carbon to form families of similar compounds, chains and rings.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Why so many series of
organic compounds? Revision Notes
C2.3c Be able to explain the properties of diamond, graphite, fullerenes and graphene in terms of
their structures and bonding.
Covalent
bonding and giant structures and
their properties and uses Revision Notes
Fullerenes; bucky balls
and carbon nanotubes and
Graphene
Revision Notes
C2.3d Be able to use ideas about
energy transfers and the relative strength of chemical bonds and intermolecular
forces to explain the different temperatures at which changes of
state occur
States of Matter
- particle theory - gas, liquid & solid properties-behaviour, state
changes Revision Notes
but the same points are made
on the chemical bonding pages via the links listed in C2.3f
C2.3e Be able to use data to predict states of substances under given conditions
using data such as temperature and how this may be linked to changes of state
States of Matter
- particle theory - gas, liquid & solid properties-behaviour, state
changes Revision Notes
C2.3f Be able to explain how the bulk properties of materials (ionic compounds; simple molecules;
giant covalent structures; polymers and metals) are related to the different
types of bonds they contain, their bond strengths in relation to intermolecular
forces and the ways in which their bonds are arranged. You should recognise that the atoms themselves do not have the bulk properties of these
materials
Ionic
bonding and ionic compounds and their properties Revision Notes
Covalent
bonding and small molecules and their properties Revision Notes
Covalent
bonding and giant structures and
their properties and uses Revision Notes
Metallic
bonding, properties and uses of metals Revision Notes
Polymer
structure Revision Notes
Some general 'bonding'
word-fill quizzes
Word-fill quiz
"Metal Structure and Ionic Compounds"
*
Word-fill quiz
"The structure and
uses of different forms of
carbon"
Word-fill quiz
"Simple Covalent Molecular Substances"
Word-fill quiz
"Molecular modelling and bonding
diagrams of covalent molecules"
C2.3g Be able to compare ‘nano’ dimensions to typical dimensions of atoms and molecules.
C2.3h Be able to
describe the surface area to volume
relationship for different-sized particles and be able to describe how this affects
properties - practical on dissolving tablets.
C2.3i Be able to describe how the properties of nanoparticulate materials are related to their
to uses
C2.3j Be able to explain the possible risks associated with some nanoparticulate materials
General introduction to nanoscience
and commonly used terms explained Revision Notes
Nanochemistry - an introduction and potential
applications Revision Notes
Uses of Nanoparticles of titanium(IV) oxide, fat and silver
Revision Notes
Topic C3
Chemical reactions
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper)
OCR Gateway Science A GCSE 9-1
Chemistry A Topic C3 "Chemical Reactions" quiz
content for chemistry 1: modelling chemical reactions, chemical
symbols, chemical equations, law of conservation of mass, tests for
gases, energetics - exothermic and endothermic calculations, types
of chemical reactions, electrolysis of solutions with different
electrodes, reactions of acids and bases, pH scale, salt
preparations, (HT only) calculations using the Avogadro number, mole
calculations, moles and mass conversions, bond energy calculations,
oxidation and reduction theory of electrode half-equations, theory
of weak and strong acids (higher tier HT/foundation tier FT)
for HT students
Topic
C3 "Chemical Reactions"
QUIZ (OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry)
for FT students
Topic
C3 "Chemical Reactions"
QUIZ (OCR Gateway GCSE Chemistry)
HT = higher tier (harder -
usually more
theory & depth) and FT = foundation tier (easier)
1st drafts Gateway chemistry quizzes
C3.1 Introducing
chemical reactions
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C3 "Chemical reactions")
A chemical equation represents,
in symbolic terms, the overall change in a chemical reaction. New
materials are formed through chemical reactions but mass will be
conserved. This can be explained by a model involving the rearrangement
of atoms. Avogadro gave us a system of measuring the amount of a substance in
moles.
You should be familiar with chemical symbols and formulae for elements and
compounds, representing chemical reactions
using formulae and knowledge of conservation of mass, changes of state and
chemical reactions. You may have to do calculations with numbers written in standard form when using the Avogadro
and be able to
convert units where appropriate particularly from mass to moles.
Common misconceptions: Although
you may have met the conservation of mass you may still tend to
refer to chemical reactions as losing mass. Often you understand
that mass is conserved but not the number or species of atoms. You
may think that the original substance vanishes ‘completely and
forever’ in a chemical reaction, not so! and the identity and number
of atoms remains the same! but not in their original combinations!
C3.1a Be able to use chemical symbols to write the formulae of elements and simple covalent and
ionic compounds
C3.1b Be able to use the names and symbols of common elements and compounds and the principle of
conservation of mass to write formulae and balanced chemical equations and (HT
only) half
equations
Calculating relative formula/molecular mass (Mr) of a compound or element molecule
Revision Notes
Type in answer quiz on
relative formula mass
Multiple Choice quiz on
relative formula mass
How to write
word & balance symbol equations, work out formula and name compounds
Revision Notes
Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
Revision Notes
Type in answer quiz on the
law of conservation of mass
Multiple choice quiz on the
law of conservation of mass
C3.1c Be able to use the names and symbols of common elements from a supplied Periodic Table to
write formulae and balanced chemical equations where appropriate
including the first 20 elements, group 1, 7, and 0 and other common elements included
within the specification.
How to write
word & symbol equations, work out formula and name compounds
Revision Notes
Element Symbol-name QUIZ
easier-pictorial
or harder-no
pictures!
Group 1
Alkali Metals
- chemical properties
Group 7
Halogens - chemical properties
C3.1d Be able to use the formula of
common ions to deduce the formula of a compound
Ionic
compounds section on working out formulae Revision Notes (section near end
of page)
C3.1e (HT only) Be able to
construct balanced ionic equations
How to write
word & balance symbol equations, work out formula and name compounds
Revision Notes
C3.1f Be able to describe the physical states of products and reactants using state symbols (s,
l, g and aq)
In most equations I've
included the state symbols for solid, liquid, gas and aqueous
solution (dissolved in water)
C3.1g (HT only) Know and be able
to use the definitions of the Avogadro constant (in standard form) and
of the mole including
the calculation of the mass of one atom/molecule
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass), Avogadro constant Revision Notes
Introduction to moles type in
answer QUIZ
Introduction to moles multiple
choice QUIZ
C3.1h(HT only) Be able to
explain how the mass of a given substance is related to the amount of that
substance in moles and vice versa
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass
Revision Notes
Introduction to moles type in
answer QUIZ
Introduction to moles multiple
choice QUIZ
C3.1i Know and be able to use the law of conservation of mass.
Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
Revision Notes
Type in answer quiz on the
law of conservation of mass
Multiple choice quiz on the
law of conservation of mass
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products
from equations
(NOT using
moles)
Type in answer QUIZ on
reacting masses
Multiple choice QUIZ on
reacting masses
Mole ratio calculations -
equation interpretation and construction of balanced chemical
equations
C3.1j Be able to explain any observed changes in mass in non-enclosed systems during a chemical
reaction and be able to explain them using the particle model
Law of Conservation of Mass and simple reacting mass calculations
Revision Notes
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from
equations (NOT using moles)
Type in answer QUIZ on
reacting masses
Multiple choice QUIZ on
reacting masses
C3.1k (HT only) Be able to
deduce the stoichiometry of an equation from the masses of reactants and
products and be able to explain the effect of a limiting quantity of a reactant.
C3.1l (HT only) Be able to use a balanced equation to calculate masses of reactants or products.
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from
equations (NOT using moles)
The basis of reacting
mole ratio calculations based on equations Revision Notes
How
much of a reactant is needed? calculation of quantities required, limiting
quantities Revision Notes
C3.2 Energetics
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C3 "Chemical reactions")
Chemical reactions are
accompanied by an energy change. A simple model involving the
breaking and making of chemical bonds can be used to interpret and calculate
the energy change.
You should be familiar with exothermic and endothermic chemical
reactions.
Common misconceptions - energy is lost or used up rather
than energy is transferred, thinking that
energy is released when bonds break and do not link this release of energy with
the formation of bonds and don't that eg a candle burning is
endothermic because heat is needed to initiate the reaction.
You are expected to be able to calculations involving energy changes.
C3.2a Be able to distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions on the basis of the
temperature change of the surroundings - practical measuring the temperature change in reactions.
C3.2b Be able to draw and label a reaction profile for an exothermic and an endothermic reaction
including
activation energy, energy change, reactants and products.
C3.2c Be able to explain activation energy as the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
C3.2d (HT only) Be able to calculate energy changes in a chemical reaction by considering bond making and
bond breaking energies
Heat changes in chemical/physical
changes - exothermic and endothermic
Revision Notes
Calorimeter methods of determining energy changes
and examples of experiments you can do
Activation energy and reaction profiles
Revision Notes
Introduction to bond energy/enthalpy calculations
Revision Notes
Energy transfer calculations from calorimeter results
Revision Notes
Multiple choice quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
C3.3 Types of chemical reactions
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C3 "Chemical reactions")
Chemical reactions can be classified according to changes at the atomic and
molecular level. Examples of these include reduction, oxidation and
neutralisation reactions.
You should be familiar with combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation
and displacement reactions. You should be familiar with defining acids and
alkalis in terms of neutralisation reactions eg reactions
of acids with alkalis to produce a salt and water and reactions of acids with
metals to produce a salt and hydrogen.
Common misconceptions
- hydrogen ions in an acid
are still part of the molecule, not free in the solution. pH is often
misunderstood and alkalis are seen as
less corrosive than acids. A big misconception is that the strength of acids
and bases and concentration mean the same thing - they do NOT, so take care on
these ideas.
C3.3a
Be able to explain reduction and oxidation in terms of loss or gain of oxygen, identifying
which species are oxidised and which are reduced including
the concept of oxidising agent and reducing agent.
Introduction to
oxidation and
reduction and their application to redox reactions
Revision Notes
C3.3b (HT only)
Be able to explain reduction and oxidation in terms of gain or loss of electrons,
identifying which species are oxidised and which are reduced.
Introduction to
oxidation and
reduction and their application to redox reactions
Revision Notes
C3.3c
Know that acids form hydrogen ions when they dissolve in water and solutions
of alkalis contain hydroxide ions.
pH scale, indicator
colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes
C3.3d
Be able to describe neutralisation as acid reacting with alkali or a base to form a salt
plus water.
Practical - production of pure dry sample of salt.
Everyday examples of acid-alkali chemistry
- examples and uses of acids and alkalis (pH quoted too)
pH scale, indicator
colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes
Making a soluble salt by neutralising a soluble acid with a soluble base (alkali)
Revision Notes
Making a soluble salt by from an acid with a metal or
insoluble base – oxide, hydroxide or carbonate Notes
C3.3e
Recognise that aqueous neutralisation reactions can be generalised to hydrogen
ions reacting with hydroxide ions to form water.
pH scale, indicator
colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes
C3.3f
Know that carbonates and some metals react with acids and write balanced
equations predicting products from given reactants.
Reactions of acids with
metals/oxides/hydroxides/carbonates and neutralisation reactions Revision
Notes
C3.3g (HT only)
Be able to use and explain the terms dilute and concentrated (amount of substance) and weak
and strong (degree of ionisation) in relation to acids - ratio of amount of acid to volume of solution.
More on Acid-Base Theory and Weak and Strong
Acids Revision Notes
C3.3h
Know that relative acidity and alkalinity are measured by pH
pH scale, indicator
colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes
C3.3i
(HT only) Be able to describe neutrality and relative acidity and alkalinity in terms of the effect
of the concentration of hydrogen ions on the numerical value of pH (whole
numbers only) and
pH of titration curves.
Practical on neutralisation reactions.
Changes in pH in a
neutralisation reaction Revision Notes
C3.3j
(HT only) Know that as hydrogen ion concentration increases by a factor of ten the pH
value of a solution decreases by one unit.
C3.3k
Be able to describe techniques and apparatus used to measure pH.
Practical - determining pH of unknown solutions.
pH scale, indicator
colours, ionic theory of acids, alkalis
(bases) & neutralisation Revision Notes
Word-fill quiz
"The reactions of acids with oxides, hydroxides and carbonates"
*
Word-fill quiz
"Methods of making salts"
Word-fill quiz
"Chemical tests for common gases"
Word-fill quiz
"Uses of some common compounds"
Easy multiple choice quiz on
"Acids, alkalis, salts and simple
chemical reactions" (general questions on basic chemistry)
Easy word-fill quizzes on "Acids
and Alkalis" 7Ewf1 *
7Ewf2 *
7Ewf3 *
7Ewf4
Easy matching pair quiz on
"pH"
C3.4 Electrolysis
(OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway
Science GCSE CHEMISTRY A 1st paper, Topic C3 "Chemical reactions")
Decomposition of a liquid during the conduction of electricity is a chemical
reaction called electrolysis. This section explores the electrolysis of various
molten ionic liquids and aqueous ionic solutions.
You should be familiar with ionic solutions and solids.
Common misconceptions
- ionic solutions conduct because they are able to use of the movement
of electrons. Another common misconception is that ionic solids do not conduct
electricity because electrons cannot move.
Introduction to electrolysis - electrolytes,
non-electrolytes, electrode equations Revision Notes
C3.4a
Know that metals (or hydrogen) are formed at the cathode and non-metals are
formed at the anode in electrolysis using inert electrodes
and be familiar with the terms cations and anions
Electrochemistry-Electrolysis
Notes Index (lots of examples) Revision Notes
Introduction to electrolysis - electrolytes,
non-electrolytes, electrode equations Revision Notes
Summary of electrode half-equations and products
Revision Notes
Summary of electrolysis products from various
electrolytes Revision Notes
Electrolysis of acidified
water (dilute sulfuric acid) and some sulfate salts and alkalis Revision
Notes
C3.4b predict the products of electrolysis of
binary ionic compounds in the molten state compounds such as NaCl.
Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide (and other molten ionic
compounds like NaCl) Revision Notes
C3.4c Be able to describe competing
reactions in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of ionic compounds in terms
of the different species present.
Practical - the electrolysis of sodium
chloride solution and copper sulfate solution using inert electrodes
Electrolysis of sodium
chloride solution (brine) Revision Notes
Electrolysis of copper(II)
sulfate solution Revision Notes
C3.4d Be able to describe electrolysis in terms of the
ions present and reactions at the electrodes
Electrochemistry-Electrolysis
Notes Index (lots of examples) Revision Notes
C3.4e Be able to describe the technique of electrolysis using inert and non-inert electrodes.
Electrolysis of copper(II)
sulfate solution (inert or copper electrodes) and electroplating Revision
Notes
Test yourself with an
Electrolysis Quiz (GCSE 9-1 HT Level (harder)
Test yourself with an
Electrolysis Quiz (GCSE 9-1 FT Level (easier)
Topic C7 Practical skills
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