OCR GCSE 9-1 Gateway Combined Science A Biology Paper 1 Paper 7 past exam papers 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Topics B1 Cell level systems B2 Scaling up B3 Organism level systems revision notes

Revision summary help for 9-1 OCR GCSE 9-1 Gateway Combined Science A 1st biology A exam paper - learning objectives for exam papers

OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (Grade 9-1) in Combined Science A (Gateway Science) (J250) FT Paper 1/HT Paper 7 Biology - OCR Grade 9-1 Gateway GCSE Combined Science biology Topic B1 "Cell level systems", Topic B2 "Scaling up", Topic B3 "Organism level systems", Topic CS7 "Practical skills" for Gateway combined science 2020 biology exam papers onwards

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY THE FOLLOWING POINTS before using my OCR Gateway 9-1 GCSE science pages

Syllabus-specification CONTENT INDEX of revision summary notes (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science A Biology FT Paper 1/HT Paper 7 (this page)

What is assessed in this paper? (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science - biology topics)

The 1st biology paper assesses Topics B1, B2, B3 and CS7 (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science A Biology FT Paper 2/HT Paper 8 (separate page)

What is assessed in this paper? (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science - biology topics)

The 2nd biology paper assesses Topics B4, B5, B6 and CS7, BUT assumes knowledge of Topics B1, B2, B3

The 2nd biology paper assesses Topics B4, B5, B6 and CS7, BUT assumes knowledge of Topics B1, B2 and B3

Biology Key Ideas (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science A 1st biology paper)

Biology is the science of living organisms (including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms) and their interactions with each other and the environment. The study of biology involves collecting and interpreting information about the natural world to identify patterns and relate possible cause and effect. Biological information is used to help humans improve their own lives and strive to create a sustainable world for future generations.

You should understand how, through the ideas of biology, the complex and diverse phenomena of the natural world can be described in terms of a small number of key ideas which are of universal application, and which can be illustrated in the separate topics set out below. These ideas include:

Topic B1: Cell level systems (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B1 "Cell level systems", papers 1/7)

Know that cells are the fundamental units of living organisms. Cells contain many sub-cellular structures that are essential for the functioning of the cell as a whole. Microscopy is used to examine cells and sub-cellular structures.

You should be familiar with cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, and with the use of light microscopes to view cells. You should also be familiar with some sub-cellular structures, and the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

B1.1a Be able to describe how light microscopes and staining can be used to view cells including lenses, stage, lamp, use of slides and cover slips, and the use of stains to view colourless specimens or to highlight different structures/tissues and calculation of the magnification used. You should have investigated of a range of plant and animal cells using light microscope, pictures, light micrographs and diagrams and measure the size and magnification of the cells. You should have prepared cheek cell and onion epidermis cell slides.

B1.1b Be able to explain how the main sub-cellular structures of eukaryotic cells (plants and animals) and prokaryotic cells are related to their functions including nucleus, genetic material, chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondria (contain enzymes for cellular respiration), chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll) and cell membranes (contain receptor molecules, provides a selective barrier to molecules). You should have made 3D model plant and animal cells to illustrate their differences. You should have investigated cytoplasmic streaming in Elodea spp.

B1.1c Be able to explain how electron microscopy has increased our understanding of sub-cellular structures including increased resolution in a transmission electron microscope. You should have compared of a range of cells using pictures from light and electron micrographs. You should have compared of the visible structures visible on light and electron micrographs.

B1.2 What happens in cells (and what do cells need)? (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

Appreciate that life processes depend on biological molecules whose structure is related to their function. Inside every cell is genetic material and this is used as a code to make proteins. Enzymes are important proteins in biology.

Appreciate that DNA is NOT made of protein or sugar. You must not assume that all enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37°C (human body temperature).

B1.2a Be able to describe DNA as a polymer You should have made 3D models of DNA to illustrate its structure.

B1.2b Be able to describe DNA as being made up of two strands forming a double helix

B1.2c Be able to describe experiments that can be used to investigate enzymatic reactions You should have investigated enzyme activity, including numerical analysis of data and graphical representation of results.

B1.2d Be able to explain the mechanism of enzyme action including the role of enzymes in metabolism - the role of the active site, enzyme specificity (lock and key hypothesis) and factors affecting the rate of enzyme controlled reactions (pH, temperature, substrate and enzyme concentration) You should have seen the demonstration of the effect of amylase on a baby rice paste. You should have investigated enzyme controlled reactions.

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B1 "Cell level systems", papers 1/7)

Metabolic processes such as respiration are controlled by enzymes. Organic compounds are used as fuels in cellular respiration to allow the other chemical reactions necessary for life.

You should also have some underpinning knowledge of respiration. This should include that respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules to enable all the other chemical processes necessary for life.

Common misconceptions - ventilation is respiration and don't get confused between the terms breakup and breakdown.

B1.3a Be able to describe cellular respiration as a universal chemical process, continuously occurring that supplies ATP in all living cells

B1.3b Be able to describe cellular respiration as an exothermic reaction Demonstration of an exothermic reaction (e.g. heat pack).

B1.3c Be able to compare the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration - in plants/fungi and animals the different conditions, substrates, products and relative yields of ATP Research into whether plants respire. You should have investigated fermentation in fungi. You should have investigated respiration in yeast using alginate beads to immobilise the fungus.

B1.3d Be able to explain the importance of sugars in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates to include use of the terms monomer and polymer Demonstration of the synthesis and breakdown of biological molecules (e.g. using Lego bricks).

B1.3e Be able to explain the importance of amino acids in the synthesis and breakdown of proteins to include use of the terms monomer and polymer (amino acid and protein).

B1.3f Be able to explain the importance of fatty acids and glycerol in the synthesis and breakdown of lipids

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B1 "Cell level systems", papers 1/7)

Know that Life processes depend on photosynthesis. Green plants and algae trap light from the Sun to fix carbon dioxide with hydrogen from water making organic compounds.

You should have an understanding that plants make carbohydrates in their leaves by photosynthesis, and be able to recall the word equation for photosynthesis.

Be able to understand and use inverse proportion – the inverse square law and light intensity in the context of factors affecting photosynthesis

B1.4a Be able to describe photosynthetic organisms as the main producers of food and therefore biomass for life on Earth

B1.4b Be able to describe the process of photosynthesis - reactants and products, location of the reaction (in the chloroplasts. Investigation of photosynthesis e.g. the Priestley experiment using Cabomba experiment to collect oxygen or the Ingenhousz experiment to show mass gain.

B1.4c Be able to describe photosynthesis as an endothermic reaction Demonstration of an endothermic reaction (e.g. icepack).

B1.4d Be able to describe experiments to investigate photosynthesis. Experiments to show the consequences of light exclusion on photosynthesising plants (e.g. testing geraniums for presence/absence of starch).

B1.4e Be able to explain the effect of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis You should have investigated of photosynthesis in algae using alginate beads to immobilize the algae.

B1.4f (HT only) Be able to explain the interaction of these factors in limiting the rate of photosynthesis

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B2 "Scaling up", papers 1/7)

Know that cells transport many substances across their membranes by diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Stem cells are found in both plants and animals. These stem cells can divide, differentiate and become specialised to form tissues, organs and organ systems.

You should be familiar with the role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells.

Common misconceptions You may show some confusion regarding surface area : volume ratio, particularly how larger animals have a smaller surface area : volume ratio. There is some confusion as to stem cells: where they are found and their roles. Take care to give clear definitions - an important general rule!

B2.1a Be able to explain how substances are transported into and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis and active transport including examples of substances moved, direction of movement, concentration gradients and use of the term water potential (no mathematical use of water potential required) Observation of osmosis in plant cells using a light microscope. Demonstration of ‘creaming yeast’ to show osmosis. Investigating of changes in mass of vegetable chips when placed in sucrose/salt concentrations of varying concentrations.

B2.1b Be able to describe the process of mitosis in growth, including the cell cycle including the stages of the cell cycle as DNA replication, movement of chromosomes, followed by the growth of the cell Modelling of mitosis using everyday objects e.g. shoes, socks etc. Observation of mitosis in stained root tip cells.

B2.1c Be able to explain the importance of cell differentiation including the production of specialised cells allowing organisms to become more efficient and examples of specialised cells.

B2.1d Be able to recall that stem cells are present in embryonic and adult animals and meristems in plants

B2.1e Be able to describe the functions of stem cells including the division to produce a range of different cell types for development, growth and repair

B2.1f Be able to describe the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells in animals.

B2.2 The challenges of size (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B2 "Scaling up", papers 1/7)

Know that when organisms become multicellular, the need arises for highly adapted structures including gaseous exchange surfaces and transport systems, enabling living processes to be performed effectively.

You should be familiar with the role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells.

Common misconceptions You have a view that the slow flow of blood in capillaries is due to the narrow diameter, when in fact it is a function of the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries (1000 times greater than the aorta). Be able to explain the importance of the slow flow of blood in allowing time for exchange by diffusion, this misunderstanding should be considered.

B2.2a Be able to explain the need for exchange surfaces and a transport system in multicellular organisms in terms of surface area : volume ratio to include surface area, volume and diffusion distances Investigating surface area : volume ratio using hydrochloric acid and gelatine cubes stained with phenolphthalein or other suitable pH indicator.

B2.2b Be able to describe some of the substances transported into and out of a range of organisms in terms of the requirements of those organisms - oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved food molecules, mineral ions and urea

B2.2c Be able to describe the human circulatory system to include the relationship with the gaseous exchange system, the need for a double circulatory system in mammals and the arrangement of vessels Modelling of the human circulatory system.

B2.2d Be able to explain how the structure of the heart and the blood vessels are adapted to their functions including the structure of the mammalian heart with reference to valves, chambers, cardiac muscle and the structure of blood vessels with reference to thickness of walls, diameter of lumen, presence of valves Investigating heart structure by dissection. You should have investigated a blood smear using a light microscope. Modelling of blood using sweets to represent the components.

B2.2e Be able to explain how red blood cells and plasma are adapted to their transport functions in the blood. Examine the gross structure of blood vessels using a light microscope. Investigating of the elasticity of different blood vessels using hanging masses.

B2.2f Be able to explain how water and mineral ions are taken up by plants, relating the structure of the root hair cells to their function Examination of root hair cells using a light microscope. Demonstration of the effectiveness of transpiration by trying to suck water from a bottle using a 10m straw. You should have investigated of the position of the xylem/phloem in root, stem and leaf tissues using a light microscope. Interpretation of experimental evidence of the movement of dissolved food materials in a plant.

B2.2g Be able to describe the processes of transpiration and translocation including the structure and function of the stomata Measurement of plant stomatal density by taking an impression of the leaf using clear nail varnish or spray on plaster.

B2.2h Be able to explain how the structure of the xylem and phloem are adapted to their functions in the plant

B2.2i Be able to explain the effect of a variety of environmental factors on the rate of water uptake by a plant - light intensity, air movement, and temperature Interpreting experimental evidence of investigations into environmental factors that affect water uptake.

B2.2j Be able to describe how a simple potometer can be used to investigate factors that affect the rate of water uptake. You should have investigated of transpiration rates from a plant cutting. Work out the rate of transpiration in volume of water/time.

Topic B3: Organism level systems (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

(Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 1st biology paper Topic B3 "Organism level systems", papers 1/7)

B3.1 Coordination and control – the nervous system (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

Know that the human nervous system is an important part of how the body communicates with itself and also receives information from its surroundings.

You should have a concept of the hierarchical organism of multicellular organisms from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms.

Common misconceptions You commonly think that their eyes see objects ‘directly’, like a camera, but the reality is that the image formed by the brain is based on the eyes and brains interpretation of the light that comes into the eye i.e. different people will perceive the same object or image differently. You may have the misconception that some sort of “force” comes out of the eye, enabling it to see.

B3.1a Be able to describe the structure of the nervous system CNS including sensory and motor neurones and sensory receptors You should have made 3D models of neurones to illustrate their structure.

B3.1b Be able to explain how the components of the nervous system can produce a coordinated response - it goes to all parts of the body, has many links, has different sensory receptors and is able to coordinate responses. Demonstration (by video) of someone trying to do everyday tasks whilst being given mild electric shocks (Brainiac).

B3.1c Be able to explain how the structure of a reflex arc is related to its function. Demonstration of reaction time by getting a learner to catch a falling £5 note. Research into reflexes. (Investigating of reaction times by ruler drop).

B3.2 Coordination and control – the endocrine system (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

Know that hormones are chemical messengers. In animals, hormones are transported around the body in the blood and affect target tissues and organs. Hormones have a variety of roles in the human body, including controlling reproduction.

You should be aware of a number of hormones including adrenaline and the male and female sex hormones.

Common misconceptions In the menstrual cycle, you may have problems relating the time of conception to the condition of the lining of the uterus.

B3.2a Be able to describe the principles of hormonal coordination and control by the human endocrine system including use of chemical messengers, transport in blood, endocrine glands and receptors

B3.2b (HT only) Be able to explain the roles of thyroxine and adrenaline in the body - thyroxine as an example of negative feedback system

B3.2c Be able to describe the role of hormones in human reproduction including the control of the menstrual cycle including oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and testosterone.

B3.2d (HT only) Be able to explain the interactions of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the menstrual cycle Analysis of relative hormones levels from raw data and graphically.

B3.2e Be able to explain the use of hormones in contraception and evaluate hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception including relative effectiveness of the different forms of contraception. Discussion into the various methods of contraception and their effective/ethical use.

B3.2f (HT only) Be able to explain the use of hormones in modern reproductive technologies to treat infertility. Research into Xenopus laevis pregnancy testing to detect hCG by the stimulation of oogenesis. Research into hormonal treatments for infertility

B3.3 Maintaining internal environments (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology)

Know that homeostasis is crucial to the regulation of internal environments and enables organisms to adapt to change, both internally and externally. Internal temperature, blood sugar levels and osmotic balance are regulated by a number of organs and systems working together.

B3.3a Be able to explain the importance of maintaining a constant internal environment in response to internal and external change - allowing metabolic reactions to proceed at appropriate rates Research into hypothermia.

B3.3b Be able to explain how insulin controls blood sugar levels in the body

B3.3c (HT only) Be able to explain how glucagon interacts with insulin to control blood sugar levels in the body You should have investigated into the glucose content of fake urine to diagnose diabetes, using e.g. Clinistix.

B3.3d Be able to compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes and be able to explain how they can be treated

ALL OCR GCSE (Grade 9-1) Level 1/Level 2 GATEWAY SCIENCE A specifications and syllabus revision summary links

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science BIOLOGY A 1st GCSE BIOLOGY paper (separate science Topics B1-3)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A biology 1st combined science biology paper (Topics B1-3)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science BIOLOGY A 2nd GCSE BIOLOGY paper (separate science Topics B4-6)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A biology 2nd combined science biology paper (Topics B4-6)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science CHEMISTRY A 1st GCSE CHEMISTRY paper (separate science Topics C1-3)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A chemistry 1st combined science chemistry paper (Topics C1-3)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science CHEMISTRY A 2nd GCSE CHEMISTRY paper (separate science Topics C4-6)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A chemistry 2nd combined science chemistry paper (Topics C4-6)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science PHYSICS A 1st GCSE PHYSICS paper (separate science Topics P1-4)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A physics 1st combined science physics paper (Topics P1-4)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science PHYSICS A 2nd GCSE PHYSICS paper (separate science Topics P5-8)

OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway Combined Science A physics A 2nd combined science physics paper (Topics P5-8)

Watch out for HT Only sections AND make sure you know exactly which GCSE science course you are doing!

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