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Revision help links: OCR GCSE Gateway Combined Science biology PAPER 2
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Revision summary help for the OCR Gateway GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A 2nd biology A exam paper - learning objectives for exam papers (re-edit) OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (Grade 9-1) in Combined Science A (Gateway Science) (J250) FT Paper 2/HT Paper 8 Biology - OCR (Grade 9-1) Gateway combined science A Topic B4 "Community level systems", Topic B5 "Genes, inheritance and selection", Topic B6 "Global challenges", Topic CS7 "Practical skills" for Gateway combined science 2020 biology exam papers onwards LINK GCSE Gateway Combined Science biology 1st paper B1-3, CS7 LINK for OCR Gateway Science GCSE BIOLOGY A 1st paper B1-3, B7 LINK for OCR Gateway Science GCSE BIOLOGY A 2nd paper B1-B7 This is a BIG website, you need to take time to explore it [SEARCH BOX] Use your mobile phone in 'landscape' orientation? See also OCR 21st Century Sciences B Revision Links email doc brown - query? or comment? For ALL other exam papers, use and bookmark the link below PLEASE READ CAREFULLY THE FOLLOWING POINTS before using my OCR Gateway 9-1 GCSE science pages
Syllabus-specification CONTENT INDEX of revision summary notes (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) OCR GCSE Gateway Combined Science A Biology FT Paper 1/HT Paper 7 (separate page) What is assessed in this paper? (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science - biology topics) The 1st biology paper assesses Topics B1, B2, B3 and CS7 SUMMARY of Topic B1: Cell level systems: Containing sections: B1.2 What happens in cells (and what do cells need)? SUMMARY of Topic B2: Scaling up: Containing sections SUMMARY of Topic B3: Organism level systems: Containing sections B3.1 Coordination and control – the nervous system, B3.2 Coordination and control – the endocrine system, B3.3 Maintaining internal environments Revision of CS7 Practical skills OCR GCSE Gateway Combined Science A Biology FT Paper 2/HT Paper 8 (this page) What is assessed in this paper? (for OCR 9-1 GCSE Gateway Combined Science - biology topics) The 2nd biology paper assesses Topics B4, B5, B6 and CS7, BUT assumes knowledge of Topics B1, B2, B3 SUMMARY of Topic B4: Community level systems: Containing sections SUMMARY of Topic B5: Genes, inheritance and selection: Containing sections B5.2 Natural selection and evolution SUMMARY of Topic B6: Global challenges: Containing sections B6.1 Monitoring and maintaining the environment B6.3 Monitoring and maintaining health Revision of CS7 Practical skills
Topic B4: Community level systems (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B4 "Community level systems", papers 2/8) The 2nd biology paper assesses Topics B4, B5, B6 and CS7, BUT assumes knowledge of Topics B1, B2 and B3 Topic B4 Community level systems (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B4 "Community level systems", papers 2/8) B4.1 Ecosystems (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) Microorganisms play an important role in the continuous cycling of chemicals in ecosystems. Biotic and abiotic factors interact in an ecosystem and have an effect on communities. Living organisms form populations of single species, communities of many species and are part of ecosystems. Living organisms are interdependent and show adaptations to their environment. Feeding relationships reflect the stability of an ecosystem and indicate the flow of biomass through the ecosystem. You should be familiar with the idea of a food web and the interrelationships associated with them and that variation allows living things to survive in the same ecosystem. You should also recognise that organisms affect their environment and are affected by it. Be able to explain the consequences on a food web if the producers are removed for some reason than if the top predators are taken away. You may find arrows showing the flow of biomass from one trophic level to another quite challenging and often mistake it for the direction of predation. This makes problems relating to the manipulation of a food web quite difficult for some students. Be able to calculate rate changes in the decay of biological material, calculate the percentage of mass, plot and draw appropriate graphs selecting appropriate scales for the axes, extract and interpret information from charts, graphs and tables. B4.1a Be able to recall that many different materials cycle through the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem - examples of cycled materials e.g. nitrogen and carbon B4.1b Be able to explain the role of microorganisms in the cycling of materials through an ecosystem - the role of microorganisms in decomposition. Research into the range of ecosystems and examples of micro-organisms that act as decomposers within them. B4.1c Be able to explain the importance of the carbon cycle and the water cycle to living organisms including maintaining habitats, fresh water flow of nutrients B4.1d Be able to describe different levels of organisation in an ecosystem from individual organisms to the whole ecosystem B4.1e Be able to explain how abiotic and biotic factors can affect communities including temperature, light intensity, moisture level, pH of soil, predators, food. Identification of the biotic factors in an ecosystem using sampling techniques. B4.1f Be able to describe the importance of interdependence and competition in a community including interdependence relating to predation, mutualism and parasitism. Examination of the roots of a leguminous plant e.g. clover to observe the root nodules Investigation of the holly leaf miner or the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) Revision notes Adaptations, lots of examples explained including extremophiles Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle and decomposition Ecosystems - biotic & abiotic factors - interactions between organisms - interdependency Food chains, food webs, trophic levels and biomass Ecosystems - biotic & abiotic factors - interactions between organisms - interdependency
Topic B5: Genes, inheritance and selection (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B5 "Genes, inheritance and selection", papers 2/8) B5.1 Inheritance Know that inheritance relies on the genetic information contained in the genome being passed from one generation to the next, whether sexually or asexually. The characteristics of a living organism are influenced by the genome and its interaction with the environment. You should be familiar with the idea of heredity as the process by which genetic information is passed from one generation to the next. You should have encountered a simple model of chromosomes, genes and DNA. Common misconceptions - the physical relationships between the nucleus, genetic material, the genome, chromosomes and genes. Accurate definitions of these terms will help you explanations in this topic. You may have explanations for inheritance before undertaking GCSE study. Some examples include that intra-specific variation is as a result of defects in development or that acquired characteristics can be inherited. Care must also be taken with the concept of dominant and recessive alleles. Whether an allele is dominant or recessive does not affect the mechanism of inheritance of the allele, but is an observed pattern in the phenotype of organisms. Many of you assume that the dominant allele ‘dominates’ the recessive allele preventing its expression (which is not the case) or that the recessive allele is actually just an absence of the dominant allele (also not generally the case). B5.1a Be able to explain the following terms: gamete, chromosome, gene, allele/ variant, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype and phenotype Use of a alleles to work out the phenotype of progeny B5.1b Be able to describe the genome as the entire genetic material of an organism B5.1c Be able to describe that the genome, and its interaction with the environment, influence the development of the phenotype of an organism - use of examples of discontinuous and continuous variation e.g. eye colour, weight and height B5.1d Recall that all variants arise from mutations, and that most have no effect on the phenotype, some influence phenotype and a very few determine phenotype An introduction to genetic variation and the formation and consequence of mutations B5.1e Be able to explain the terms haploid and diploid. B5.1f Be able to explain the role of meiotic cell division in halving the chromosome number to form gametes - that this maintains diploid cells when gametes combine and is a source of genetic variation CELL DIVISION - cell cycle - mitosis and meiosis in sexual reproduction B5.1g Be able to explain single gene inheritance in the context of homozygous and heterozygous crosses involving dominant and recessive genes. Prediction of the probability of phenotype for genetic crosses. Investigation into probability by suitable example (e.g. coin toss or die roll) B5.1h Be able to predict the results of single gene crosses B5.1i Be able to describe sex determination in humans using a genetic cross Inherited characteristics and human sexual reproduction, genetic fingerprinting and its uses B5.1j Be able to recall that most phenotypic features are the result of multiple genes rather than single gene inheritance
B5.2 Natural selection and evolution (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B5 "Genes, inheritance and selection", papers 2/8) Know that variation in the genome and changes in the environment drive the process of natural selection, leading to changes in the characteristics of populations. Evolution accounts for both biodiversity and how organisms are all related to varying degrees. Key individuals have played important roles in the development of the understanding of genetics. You should appreciate that changes in the environment can leave some individuals, or even some entire species, unable to compete and reproduce leading to extinction. Common misconceptions You are used to hearing the term evolution in everyday life but it is often used for items that have been designed and gradually improved in order to fit a purpose you need to grasp the idea that evolution by natural selection relies on random mutations. You also tend to imply that individuals change by natural selection. Statements such as ‘a moth will change by natural selection in order to become better camouflaged’ include both of these common misconceptions. B5.2a Be able to state that there is usually extensive genetic variation within a population of a species B5.2b Be able to describe the impact of developments in biology on classification systems - natural and artificial classification systems and use of molecular phylogenetics based on DNA sequencing B5.2c Be able to explain how evolution occurs through the natural selection of variants that have given rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment - the concept of mutation B5.2d Be able to describe evolution as a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time, through a process of natural selection, which may result in the formation of new species B5.2e Be able to describe the evidence for evolution - fossils and antibiotic resistance in bacteria An introduction to genetic variation and the formation and consequence of mutations
Topic B6: Global challenges (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B6 "Global challenges", papers 2/8) This topic seeks to integrate you’ knowledge and understanding of biological systems and processes, with the aim of applying it to global challenges. Biological information is used to help people to improve their own lives and strive to create a sustainable world for future generations. This topic provides opportunities to draw together the concepts covered in earlier topics, allowing synoptic treatment of the subject. B6.1 Monitoring and maintaining the environment (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) Know that living organisms interact with each other, the environment and with humans in many different ways. If the variety of life is to be maintained we must actively manage our interactions with the environment. We must monitor our environment, collecting and interpreting information about the natural world, to identify patterns and relate possible cause and effect. From topic B4, you should be familiar with ecosystems and the various ways organisms interact. You should understand how biotic and abiotic factors influence communities. You should be familiar with the gases of the atmosphere from key stage 3. It is important that in the study of this topic you explore both positive and negative human interactions within ecosystems. B6.1a Be able to explain how to carry out a field investigation into the distribution and abundance of organisms in a habitat and how to determine their numbers in a given area - sampling techniques (random and transects, capture-recapture), use of quadrats, pooters, nets, keys and scaling up methods Investigation of ecological sampling methods. Using the symbols =, <, <<, >>, >, α, ~ in answers where appropriate. Investigation of sampling using a suitable model (e.g. measuring the red sweets in a mixed selection). B6.1b Be able to describe both positive and negative human interactions within ecosystems and be able to explain their impact on biodiversity - the conservation of individual species and selected habitats and threats from land use and hunting. Investigation into the effectiveness of germination in different strengths of acid rain. Investigation into the effects of lichen distribution against pollution. B6.1c Be able to explain some of the benefits and challenges of maintaining local and global biodiversity including the difficulty in gaining agreements for and the monitoring of conservation schemes along with the benefits of ecotourism Ecosystems - biotic & abiotic factors - interactions between organisms - interdependency Food chains, food webs, trophic levels and biomass Biodiversity and ecological surveying - using quadrats and transects Biodiversity, land management, waste management, maintaining ecosystems - conservation
B6.2 Feeding the human race (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B6 "Global challenges", papers 2/8) The human population is increasing rapidly and with this comes a need for more food. Biologists are seeking to tackle this increased demand, which will lead to an improvement in the lives of many people around the world. However, there are many things to consider in achieving this aim, not least the impact on ecosystems. There is much debate surrounding the use of gene technology as a potential solution to the problem of food security. You should be familiar with the content of a healthy human diet and the consequences of imbalances in a healthy daily diet. Your knowledge and understanding from topics 1, 4 and 5 will also be drawn together in this topic. This includes the organisation of DNA, what plants require enabling them to photosynthesise, interactions between species and the idea of variability within species and subsequent selection of characteristics. Common misconceptions - you can often think that genetic engineering leads to the increased use of pesticides. Food security - population growth and sustainability issues B6.2a Be able to explain the impact of the selective breeding of food plants and domesticated animals. Research into the Rothamsted Research Broadbalk experiment. Evolution - section on selective breeding B6.2b Be able to describe genetic engineering as a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics B6.2c (HT only) Be able to describe the main steps in the process of genetic engineering including restriction enzymes, sticky ends, vectors e.g. plasmids, ligase, host bacteria and selection using antibiotic resistance markers B6.2d Be able to explain some of the possible benefits and risks of using gene technology in modern agriculture - to include practical and ethical considerations. Research into the advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding and genetic engineering. Genetic engineering: uses - making insulin, medical applications, GM crops, food security
B6.3 Monitoring and maintaining health (OCR GCSE Gateway combined science suite biology) (Revision for OCR Gateway Science GCSE 9-1 Combined Science A, 2nd biology paper Topic B6 "Global challenges", papers 2/8) Know that diseases affect the health of populations of both humans and plants. Scientists are constantly on the lookout for ways of preventing and combating disease. The prevention of disease in plants is important so that we are able to grow healthy plants enabling us to feed ourselves and enhance our environment. The understanding of how disease is spread, how our bodies defend themselves against disease and how immunity is achieved is essential to enable us to combat potentially fatal diseases spreading throughout whole populations. Non-communicable diseases also have an impact on the health of the population. The prevention of these diseases is frequently discussed in the media, with advice being given to us on how to reduce our risk of contracting these diseases through our life-style choices and discussion of new technologies. You should be familiar with the effects of ‘recreational’ drugs (including substance misuse) on behaviour, health and life processes, the impact of exercise, asthma and smoking on the gas exchange system and the consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases. Common misconceptions - all micro-organisms as being non-beneficial. You tend to consider health as just physical and do not consider mental health. You also confuse which diseases are inherited and which are caught. You see cancer as a genetic disease. Be able to understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data. Be able to use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables. Be able to calculate cross-sectional areas of bacterial cultures and clear agar jelly using πr2 B6.3a Be able to describe the relationship between health and disease B6.3b Be able to describe different types of diseases including communicable and non-communicable diseases Keeping healthy - communicable diseases - pathogen infections Keeping healthy - non-communicable diseases - risk factors for e.g. cancers B6.3c Be able to describe the interactions between different types of disease including HIV and tuberculosis, and HPV and cervical cancer B6.3d Be able to explain how communicable diseases (caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi) are spread in animals and plants including scientific quantities, number of pathogens, number of infected cases and estimating number of cases B6.3e Be able to explain how the spread of communicable diseases may be reduced or prevented in animals and plants - detection of the antigen, DNA testing, visual identification of the disease by a plant pathologist. B6.3f Be able to describe a minimum of one common human infection, one plant disease and sexually transmitted infections in humans including HIV/AIDS including plant diseases: virus tobacco mosaic virus, fungal Erysiphe graminis barley powdery mildew, bacterial Agrobacterium tumafaciens crown gall disease Keeping healthy - communicable diseases - pathogen infections Keeping healthy - non-communicable diseases - risk factors for e.g. cancers Plant diseases and defences against pathogens and pests B6.3g Be able to explain how white blood cells and platelets are adapted to their defence functions in the blood B6.3h Be able to describe the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens B6.3i Be able to explain the role of the immune system of the human body in defence against disease B6.3j Be able to explain the use of vaccines and medicines in the prevention and treatment of disease including antibiotics, antivirals and antiseptics Research into whether children should be routinely vaccinated? B6.3k describe the processes of discovery and development of potential new medicines - preclinical and clinical testing. Investigation into growth bacterial cultures using aseptic techniques. B6.3l Be able to recall that many non-communicable human diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors including cardiovascular diseases, many forms of cancer, some lung and liver diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes B6.3m Be able to evaluate some different treatments for cardiovascular disease to including lifestyle, medical and surgical B6.3n Be able to analyse the effect of lifestyle factors on the incidence of non-communicable diseases at local, national and global levels including lifestyle factors to include exercise, diet, alcohol and smoking Keeping Healthy - Diet and Exercise Keeping healthy - communicable diseases - pathogen infections B6.3o Be able to describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division B6.3p Be able to discuss potential benefits and risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine including tissue transplantation and rejection Stem cells and uses, and an introduction to cell differentiation and specialisation B6.3q Be able to explain some of the possible benefits and risks of using gene technology in medicine including practical and ethical considerations Genetic engineering: uses - making insulin, medical applications, GM crops, food security B6.3r Be able to discuss the potential importance for medicine of our increasing understanding of the human genome including the ideas of predicting the likelihood of diseases occurring and their treatment by drugs which are targeted to genomes CS7 Practical skills
ALL OCR GCSE (Grade 9-1) Level 1/Level 2 GATEWAY SCIENCE A specifications and syllabus revision summary links OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science BIOLOGY A 1st GCSE BIOLOGY paper (separate science Topics B1-3) OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science BIOLOGY A 2nd GCSE BIOLOGY paper (separate science Topics B4-6) OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science PHYSICS A 1st GCSE PHYSICS paper (separate science Topics P1-4) OCR (Grade 9-1) GCSE Gateway science PHYSICS A 2nd GCSE PHYSICS paper (separate science Topics P5-8) Watch out for HT Only sections AND make sure you know exactly which GCSE science course you are doing! See also OCR 21st Century Sciences B Revision Links
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