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Periodic table - survey of Period 1 elements hydrogen to helium revision notes for Advanced A/AS level inorganic chemistry:
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Doc Brown's Chemistry Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Revision Notes Part 3. Survey of Period 1: hydrogen H to helium He Period 1, the shortest period of the periodic table, only consists of two elements, hydrogen and helium. Although the properties of helium match those of the other Noble Gases, hydrogen does not really fit into any group. A brief summary of their properties is given below. Technically they are s block elements but they bare little resemblance to the group 1 and 2 metals, but see discussion of hydrogen and comparison with group 1 and group 7/17 elements. For non-A level
students
INORGANIC Part 3 Period 1 page sub-index: 3.1 Period 1 H-He * 3.1 Hydrogen * 3.2 Helium * 3.3 Period 1 Summary * 3.4 Where do heavier elements come from? Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p-block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots 3.1 Survey of Period 1: H to He (2 elements, Z = 1 to 2)
3.2 Z = 2. Helium He in Group 0/18
3.3 Summary of Period 1: H to He (elements 1 to 2)
3.4 Where do the heavier elements come from?
key: AZX, A = mass number, Z = atomic/proton number, X = element symbol From hydrogen, helium is formed e.g. the sequence ... 11H + 10n ==> 21H (hydrogen-2, 'heavy hydrogen', 'deuterium') 21H + 10n ==> 31H (hydrogen-3, 'tritium') 31H + 11H ==> 32He + 10n 32He + 10n ==> 42He (the most common isotope of helium) From helium the heavier elements are formed as bigger and bigger nuclei fuse together. e.g. 2 42He ==> [84Be] which is highly unstable and rapidly changes, on impact with a 3rd helium nucleus, into a carbon nucleus, [84Be] + 42He ==> 126C and from carbon-12, oxygen-16 and neon-20 are formed e.g. via 42He + 126C ==> 168O 2 126C ==> 2010Ne + 42He and so on, until even small amounts of 23892U are eventually formed but require the highest of temperature e.g. in a super-nova explosion of giant stars a lot bigger than our sun! Many isotopes of elements after lead, 82Pb are unstable. After uranium, 92U, the vast majority of the isotopes of the elements of atomic number 93+ are inherently unstable. They will not have survived even if they were formed billions of years ago in the Sun, and retained or formed in the initial 'spin-off' material that formed the 'very early' Earth. However, the advent of nuclear reactors has enabled up to kg quantities of e.g. plutonium, 94Pu (used in nuclear reactors and weapons) and americium, 95Am (used in smoke alarms) to be produced. Cyclotrons, particle bombardment linear accelerators, have enabled 'super-heavy' elements up to Z = 118? to be 'synthesised', but only a few atoms at a time (The Russia-US space race seems to have been partly replaced by 'who can synthesize the biggest atom'. See also
WHAT NEXT? INORGANIC Part 3 Period 1 page sub-index: 3.1 Period 1 H-He * 3.1 Hydrogen * 3.2 Helium * 3.3 Period 1 Summary * 3.4 Where do heavier elements come from? Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry Periodic Table Index * Part 1 Periodic Table history * Part 2 Electron configurations, spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, ionisation energies * Part 3 Period 1 survey H to He * Part 4 Period 2 survey Li to Ne * Part 5 Period 3 survey Na to Ar * Part 6 Period 4 survey K to Kr and important trends down a group * Part 7 s-block Groups 1/2 Alkali Metals/Alkaline Earth Metals * Part 8 p-block Groups 3/13 to 0/18 * Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens * Part 10 3d block elements & Transition Metal Series * Part 11 Group & Series data & periodicity plots |
Doc Brown's Chemistry |
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