Unit 1 Topic 4: Introductory Organic
Chemistry and Alkanes
(Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Related topics in Units 2, 4 and 5 will assume knowledge of
this material.
Unit 1 Topic 4: 4A: Introduction
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Functional Groups, organic molecule structure &
representation & organic homologous series
This page has links to the specific IUPAC nomenclature for all the
homologous series of organic compounds you will encounter and there naming
quizzes too!
Index of organic nomenclature and
molecule recognition quizzes
The Molecular Structure and
Nomenclature of ALKANES
Revision notes on the structure and naming
of ALKENES (including cyclo- and many isomers
Molecular Structure and
Nomenclature of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
Revision notes on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS including some isomeric ethers
Revision notes on the Structure and
Naming of ALDEHYDES and KETONES
Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES,
including nomenclature of isomers
Organic chemistry
reactions & mechanisms - an introduction and technical
terms explained
Unit 1 Topic 4: 4B: Alkanes
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes
on the chemistry of ALKANES and the petrochemical
industry
Alkanes and Petrochemical Industry INDEX
The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
Fractional distillation of crude
oil and uses of products
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
Modification of hydrocarbon fuel
mixtures and alternative fuels
Chlorination and bromination of
alkanes, reaction mechanisms and uses of products
Alkanes
- molecular structure and naming (with quizzes)
Alkanes - Multiple choice
Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature)
Alkanes - Type in name Quiz on the structure & naming
(nomenclature)
Alkanes - fractional distillation of crude oil & uses of
fractions (the basics)
Alkanes - Cracking - a problem of supply and demand, other
products (the basics)
Alkanes - complete combustion and
incomplete combustion
-
pollution etc. (the basics)
Alkanes - free radical mechanism for cracking
hydrocarbons to
give shorter alkanes and alkenes
Alkanes
- free radical
chlorination/bromination mechanism to give halogenoalkanes
Unit 1: Topic 5: Alkenes
(Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Related topics in Units 2, 4 and 5 will assume knowledge of
this material.
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry ALKENES
Alkenes - molecular structure and naming (with quizzes)
Alkenes - Multiple choice Quiz on their
structure and naming
Alkenes - Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Alkenes
- introduction to their chemistry and electrophilic addition reactions
& polymerisation (5
linked pages)
Alkenes: Electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide
[HBr(conc. aq)
and HBr(g/non-polar solvent)] to form
halogenoalkanes
Alkenes: Electrophilic addition of
bromine with pure
bromine or in non-polar solvent
(non-aqueous Br2(l/solvent)) to give
dibromoalkanes AND addition using bromine water [aqueous Br2(aq)]
to give bromo-alcohols
Alkenes: Electrophilic addition of
sulphuric acid AND electrophilic
addition of water
[acid catalyst] to form alcohols
Alkenes: Free radical polymerisation
to give poly(alkene) polymers e.g. ethene ==> poly(ethene)
Alkenes: Hydrogenation to give
saturated alkanes
Isomerism -
structural isomerism - general
definition - examples of types
Isomerism - introduction to stereoisomerism
and E/Z and
cis/trans stereoisomerism
Unit 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes and
Alcohols (Edexcel International
Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Unit 2: Topic 6: Energetics
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Energetics-Thermochemistry-Thermodynamics Notes INDEX
Advanced Introduction to enthalpy changes –
enthalpies of reaction,
formation, combustion
Thermochemistry – Hess's Law calculations, enthalpies of reaction, combustion, formation etc.
Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
Enthalpy data patterns - combustion of alkanes linear
aliphatic alcohols, bond
enthalpies and bond Length
Enthalpies of
neutralisation, enthalpies of
hydrogenation and evidence of aromatic
ring structure in benzene
Energetics -
basic enthalpy changes questions with worked out answers
Unit 2: Topic 7: Intermolecular Forces
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Intermolecular forces/bonding - an introduction
Intermolecular forces/bonding - some further case studies
Intermolecular forces/bonding - boiling point plots for six
organic
homologous series
Intermolecular forces/bonding - hydrogen bonding in molecules
Intermolecular forces/bonding - solubility of covalent compounds, miscible and
immiscible liquids
Unit 2: Topic 8: Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2
and 7 (Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Unit 2 Topic 8: 8A: Redox chemistry
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Oxidation
numbers & oxidation states and
Redox reactions and ionic
equations
Unit 2 Topic 8: 8B: The elements of Groups 1 and 2
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Periodic
Table - s-block including detailed notes on Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals
- introduction
Oxides of s–block
metals, water reaction & hydroxides, acid reaction & salts, chlorine
reaction & halides
Carbonates & hydrogencarbonates,
solubility trends, thermal
decomposition & stability of carbonates & nitrates, uses of
s–block metals and their compounds
Inorganic analysis -
chemical
tests for cations and
chemical
tests for anions (use alphabetical index)
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
How to do acid-alkali
titration calculations, diagrams of apparatus, details of procedures
Titration
Questions - acid-base (2 pages plus worked out answers)
Unit 2 Topic 8: 8C: Inorganic chemistry of Group 7
(limited to chlorine, bromine and iodine)
Periodic table
- Group 7/17
Halogens - Introduction
Halogen displacement
reactions and reactivity trend
Reactions of
halogens with other elements - halides
Reaction between halide salts and conc.
sulfuric acid
Tests for halogens and halide ions
Oxidation & Reduction – more on redox reactions
of halogens & halide ions
Chemical bonding in halogen
compounds
Unit 2: Topic 9:
Introduction to Kinetics and Equilibria
(Edexcel
International Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Unit 2: Topic 9: 9A: Kinetics
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Kinetics Index lots of pages including the
more advanced ideas e.g.
The
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular kinetic energies
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms
Obtaining rate data,
interpreting data, deducing orders of reaction and rate expressions
There are lots of pages on the basics preceding the
more advanced pages in the rates index
Unit 2: Topic 9: 9B: Equilibria
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Introduction - examples of reversible reactions
described,
dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
Applying Le Chatelier's Principle
and equilibrium expressions to Industrial
Processes
Unit 2: Topic 10: Organic Chemistry: Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and
Spectra
Related topics in Units 4 and 5 will assume knowledge of this
material. (Edexcel International
Advanced Subsidiary Chemistry)
Unit 2: Topic 10: 10A: General principles
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Organic chemistry
reactions & mechanisms - an introduction and technical
terms explained
Unit 2: Topic 10: 10B: Halogenoalkanes
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
Halogenoalkanes - naming and structure (haloalkanes = halogenoalkanes!)
Halogenoalkanes
- Multiple choice Quiz on their structure and naming (nomenclature)
Halogenoalkanes
- Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Halogenoalkanes
- introduction
to
the chemistry of haloalkanes/alkyl halides
Halogenoalkanes - Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
to give alcohols
Halogenoalkanes - Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary
amines etc.
Halogenoalkanes - Elimination of
hydrogen bromide to form alkenes
Unit 2: Topic 10: 10C: Alcohols
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
Alcohols (and ethers) - molecular structure and naming
Alcohols
- Multiple choice Quiz on their structure and naming
Alcohols
- Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Alcohols
-
oxidation to give aldehydes, ketones or carboxylic acids
(sections 9.1 to 9.3)
Unit 2: Topic 10: 10D: Mass spectra and IR
(Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary
Chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction
Introduction to mass
spectrometry
Index of mass spectroscopy notes -
examples of mass spectrometry of organic
compounds
Index of infrared spectroscopy notes - analysis of infrared spectra
of organic compounds
Unit 3: Practical Skills in Chemistry I
(Edexcel International Advanced
Subsidiary Chemistry)
End of the Advanced Subsidiary (AS) units for Edexcel
International Advanced Chemistry (Topics 1-10)
Units 4 to 6 (Topics 11-20) below are the rest of the course for
the full Edexcel International Advanced A Level Chemistry
Reminder that Units 4 and 5 are
the extra chemistry for the full A level course
(NOT for AS)
Unit 4: Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic
Chemistry (Edexcel International
Advanced Level Chemistry)
Unit 4: Topic 11:
Kinetics (Edexcel International
Advanced Level Chemistry)
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms
Obtaining rate data,
interpreting data, deducing orders of reaction and rate expressions
The Arrhenius
equation and calculating the activation energy Ea from kinetics–rates data
Acid catalyzed iodination
of propanone (see also organic mechanisms
iodination of ketones)
Halogenoalkanes - Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
to give alcohols
Unit 4: Topic 12: Entropy and Energetics
(Edexcel
International Advanced Level Chemistry)
Unit 4 Topic 12: 12A: Entropy
(Edexcel
International Advanced Level Chemistry)
Examples of
entropy values and comments, entropy change for change of physical state
ΔS,
entropy
change and change of state
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
Feasibility of chemical change, ΔG, free energy change
equation, calculations and
applications
Unit 4 Topic 12: 12B: Lattice energy
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
The
Born–Haber Cycle calculations and uses, comparing theoretical and experimental
lattice enthalpies
Introducing enthalpies of
ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity,
solvation
Enthalpy
cycles involving a salt dissolving
Unit 4: Topic 13: Chemical Equilibria
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
Introduction - examples of reversible reactions
described,
dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
How to
write equilibrium
expressions and the effect of temperature on the equilibrium
constant K
How to
write Kc
equilibrium expressions, units and exemplar Kc calculations
including esterification
How to write Kp
expressions, units, partial pressures and exemplar Kp equilibrium calculations
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
Feasibility of chemical change, ΔG, free energy change
equation, calculations and
applications
Unit 4: Topic 14: Acid-base Equilibria
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
GCSE 9-1 /IGCSE notes on acids and bases (lots of
basic stuff)
Bronsted–Lowry acid–base theories
self–ionisation of water and pH scale
strong acids–examples–calculations
weak acids–examples & pH–Ka–pKa calculations
strong bases–examples–pH calculations
weak bases– examples & pH–Kb–pKb calculations
A level notes on Acids, Bases, Salts,
uses of
acid–base titrations – upgrade from GCSE!
Acid–base indicator theory, pH curves and
titrations
Buffers – definition, formulation
and action
Buffer calculations
Case studies
of buffer function
Unit 4: Topic 15: Organic Chemistry: Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids
and Chirality (Edexcel International
Advanced Level Chemistry)
Unit 4 Topic 15: 15A: Chirality
(Edexcel
International Advanced Level Chemistry)
Isomerism - introduction to stereoisomerism
Isomerism - R/S Optical Isomerism
Spotting Optical Isomers (sorry, hand written!) (answers)
Unit 4 Topic 15: 15B: Carbonyl compounds
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALDEHYDES and KETONES
Aldehydes &
ketones: Their structure and naming (plus quizzes)
Aldehydes &
ketones: Multiple choice on their structure and naming (nomenclature)
Aldehydes &
ketones: Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Aldehydes & ketones:
Carbonyl compounds - introduction
to their chemistry
Aldehydes & ketones: Nucleophilic addition of
hydrogen cyanide to form a hydroxy-nitrile
Unit 4 Topic 15: 15C: Carboxylic acids
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Their structure and naming
(and quizzes)
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Type in name Quiz on their
structure and nomenclature
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Type in name Quiz on their
structure and nomenclature
Carboxylic acids - formation from oxidation of Alcohols
(sections 9.1 to 9.3)
Carboxylic acids &
derivatives: Esters, chemistry and uses including perfumes
(the basics)
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: common reactions and uses
(basic stuff)
Unit 4 Topic 15: 15D: Carboxylic acid derivatives
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Hydrolysis of acid chlorides with water
to give a carboxylic acid (mechanisms not required)
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Esterification of acid
chlorides with alcohols
to give an ester (mechanisms not required)
Amide formation from reaction
of acid chlorides with ammonia
or primary amines (mechanisms not required)
Unit 4 Topic 15: 15E: Spectroscopy and chromatography
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction
Introduction to mass
spectrometry
Index of mass spectroscopy notes -
examples of mass spectrometry of organic
compounds
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H NMR spectra of organic
compounds
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
13C NMR spectra of organic
compounds
Chromatography
- the basics of paper, thin layer and gas chromatography
Unit 5: Transition Metals and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
Unit 5: Topic 16: Redox Equilibria
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
Oxidation
numbers & oxidation states and
Redox reactions and ionic
equations
Half cell equilibria,
electrode potential
Simple cells,
notation and construction
The hydrogen electrode and standard conditions
Half–cell potentials, Electrochemical Series and using Eθcell for reaction feasibility
Redox titrations - calculation questions and worked out
answers
Unit 5: Topic 17: Transition Metals and their Chemistry
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
There are ~20 pages of transition metal chemistry e.g.
Introduction to the 3d-block
of Transition Metals, Data and general trends
3d block Transition Metals
- Complexes
& ligands
3d block Transition Metals
- Electron configuration & colour theory
3d block Transition Metals
- Redox
equations, feasibility of a redox reaction, Eø
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Iron
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Vanadium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Chromium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Copper
3d block Transition Metals
- Stability Constants and entropy
changes
3d block Transition Metals
- Catalysis
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Manganese
3d block transition metals
- Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
Unit 5: Topic 18: Organic Chemistry – Arenes
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
Knowledge of the common uses of organic compounds mentioned in
this topic is expected.
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Enthalpies of
neutralisation, enthalpies of
hydrogenation and evidence of aromatic
ring structure in benzene
Aromatic chemistry: Structure of molecules and nomenclature
Aromatic chemistry: Introduction to arene structure
and electrophilic substitution mechanisms
Aromatic chemistry:
Nitration to give nitro-aromatics like nitrobenzene
Aromatic chemistry: Chlorination to
chloro-aromatics like chlorobenzene
Aromatic chemistry: Alkylation to give
alkyl-aromatics like methylbenzene
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
Aromatic chemistry: Acylation to give aromatic
ketones
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
Aromatic chemistry: Sulfonation to
give a sulfonic acid like benzenesulfonic acid
(mechanism not needed)
Unit 5: Topic 19: Organic Nitrogen Compounds: Amines, Amides,
Amino Acids and Proteins
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Unit 5: Topic 20: Organic Synthesis
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
A
few examples, but use website search box too
ester preparation:
Esters - preparation of e.g. ethyl ethanoate
steam distillation: Preparation of
phenylamine
reflux: Preparation of benzoic acid
preparation of aspirin:
Preparation and reactions of acid/acyl anhydrides,
including making aspirin
other 'redox' organic preparations:
Revision notes on Oxidation and reduction synthesis
reactions
Unit 6: Practical Skills in Chemistry II
(Edexcel International Advanced Level
Chemistry)
