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OCR GCE SALTERS AS advanced
level CHEMISTRY B
Advanced
level subsidiary chemistry specification H033 syllabus
Doc Brown's Unofficial Support for Salters AS Chemistry
Salters A
Level Chemistry (separate page)
PAST PAPERS
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ALL my advanced A
level
chemistry revision study notes
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Brown's Chemistry Clinic - chemistry revision notes for the Salters AS
level chemistry course - UNOFFICIAL HELP for this Salters AS level
chemistry UK based Advanced Level Chemistry Courses
Selected links to my Advanced Level Chemistry
revision notes based on the three index pages ...
PLEASE
NOTE for students doing the Salters AS level chemistry course.
- My notes are not in anyway to be an
alternative to your teacher, your textbooks or lesson notes for the
Salters AS level chemistry course.
- BUT, sometimes a different presentation of a
topic in your Salters AS level chemistry course can help your
understanding.
- SO, a little 'study supplement' to your
academic diet is freely available online via doc brown's website.
- Scrolling down the page, you will find the
links to my notes are organised to fit in with topic/unit/module
headings in the order specified in the official
syllabus-specification for the Salters AS level chemistry course.
- More links will be added over the next year
and the A level chemistry notes expanded to cover more topics in the
Salters AS level chemistry course.
- When following a link to potentially useful
study material, also check out the sub-index links at the top or
bottom of page.
- You will find the [Google
Search Box] at the bottom of the page very useful
for looking up aspects of your Salters AS level chemistry course.
- I don't mind queries or comments on my web
pages irrespective of their usefulness to the Salters AS level
chemistry examination course.
Development of
practical skills
Selected
experiments-investigations that help develop your practical skills
in chemistry
Storylines Topic
Links
Elements of life
Developing fuels
Elements from the sea
The ozone story
What’s in a medicine?
Development of practical skills
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
How to do acid-alkali
titration calculations, diagrams of apparatus, details of procedures
Index of rates of reaction
notes - kinetics (lots of
basic stuff!!!)
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
ELEMENTS OF LIFE
(EL)
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
EL Formula, equations and amount of
substance (Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Chemical Calculations - Index
(lots of pages to browse through, examples and quizzes on the basics!)
What is relative atomic mass?,
relative isotopic mass & calculating relative atomic mass
Calculating relative
formula/molecular mass of a compound or element molecule
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass) including use of Avogadro Constant
Using
moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(starting with reacting masses or % composition)
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
How to do acid-alkali
titration calculations, diagrams of apparatus, details of procedures
Acid-base and other non-redox
titration questions (2 pages of
questions with worked out answers)
% purity of a product
* % reaction yield
* atom economy
*
dilution of solutions
Equations and formulae - the basics of working them all out
EL
Atomic structure
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Revision notes on all you need to know on ATOMIC
STRUCTURE for advanced level
Electronic Structure of atoms - s p d f orbitals - electronic
basis of periodic table
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
Spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, evidence of quantum
levels, ionisation energy
patterns
Atomic
structure - nuclear fusion
EL
Bonding and structure
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Chemical bonding -
introduction and index (many linked pages) eg
Chemical
bonding:
Ionic Bonding – compounds and properties
Chemical
bonding:
Covalent Bonding – small simple molecules and their properties
Chemical
bonding:
Covalent Bonding: macromolecules and giant covalent structures and
Graphene
Molecule
shapes and bond angles (3 linked pages)
More on
covalent bonding - single, double & triple bond length & strength and dative covalent bonds
Types of
Crystal Structure and their relative physical properties
EL Inorganic chemistry and the periodic table
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Historical
Introduction to the modern periodic table and the nuclear physics origin of
elements
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
Survey of Period 2: lithium Li to neon Ne
Period 2 trends & explanations of
physical properties
Period 2 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar
Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties
Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
Periodic
Table - s-block including detailed notes on Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals
(3 linked pages)
Equations AND formulae - the basics of
working them all out and
a simple m/c
quiz on balancing equations
Formulae
- some common inorganic compound formulae
Qualitative Analysis Tests for inorganic gases, ions (cations and anions)
etc.
(use alphabetical index)
Selected chemical tests for ions
and common gases (handy summary for GCSE level)
EL
Equilibria (acid-base)
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Acids,
Bases, Salts, pH, titrations - all the basics (8 linked pages of all
the basic reactions and formulae) eg
Reactions of acids with
metals/oxides/hydroxides/carbonates, neutralisation reactions
Summary of selected tests for
ions, flame tests, emission spectra
Group 2 Alkaline Earth
Metals - oxides and hydroxides
% purity of a product
*
% reaction yield
EL
Energy and matter
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction to the interaction of emr with matter and
calculations
Index of emission and absorption
spectroscopy including colorimetry and flame photometry
Summary of selected tests for
ions, flame tests, emission spectra
EL
Modern analytical techniques
(Elements of life, Salters AS chemistry)
Mass spectrometry - introduction (including
determination of relative atomic mass)
DEVELOPING FUELS (DF)
(Salters AS chemistry)
DF Formulae, equations and amount of
substance (developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Chemical Calculations - Index
(lots of pages to browse through, examples and quizzes on the basics!)
e.g.
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products
from equations
(NOT using
moles) and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield,
atom economy
and formula mass determination
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass) including use of Avogadro Constant
Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
Reacting gas volume
ratios, Avogadro's Law
and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous
reactants-products)
PVT
calculations and
PV = nRT
calculations
DF Bonding and structures
(Salters AS chemistry)
3l.
The covalent bonding in the ethene
molecule
Proof of the structure of benzene
- sigma and pi bonding
Molecule
shapes and bond angles (3 linked pages)
DF Energetics (developing fuels, Salters AS
chemistry)
Index of ALL my
energetics - thermochemistry - thermodynamics pages
Enthalpy changes - thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
Thermochemistry - Hess's Law and Enthalpy
Calculations - reaction, combustion, formation etc.
Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
Some enthalpy data patterns
The combustion of linear alkanes and linear
aliphatic alcohols
Enthalpies of
Neutralisation
A set of
structured practice Enthalpy
Questions
Fully
worked out ANSWERS to
the
ΔH enthalpy Q's above
DF
Kinetics
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms
Cracking
hydrocarbons (basic idea)
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
DF
Inorganic chemistry and the
periodic table
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
Fossil fuel air pollution -
incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide & soot particulates
Fossil fuel air pollution - effects of sulfur oxides
and nitrogen oxides
DF
Organic functional groups
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
An Advanced Introduction to pre-university organic chemistry - history,
bonding, variety and complexity
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
Alkanes -
molecular structure and naming (with quizzes)
Alkanes - Multiple choice
Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES
Alkanes - Type in name Quiz on the structure & naming of ALKANES (and
naming cycloalkanes)
Alkenes -
molecular structure and naming (with quizzes)
Alkenes - Multiple choice Quiz on their
structure and naming
Alkenes - Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Alcohols -
molecular structure and naming (2 pages, with quizzes)
Alcohols - Multiple choice Quiz on their structure and naming
Alcohols - Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
The Structure
& Naming of AROMATIC Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
DF
Organic reactions
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Alkanes - complete combustion and
incomplete combustion -
pollution etc.
Alkanes and Petrochemical Industry INDEX
1.1
The Molecular Structure and Nomenclature of Alkanes
1.2
Fractional distillation of crude
oil and uses of products
1.3
Modification of alkanes by
cracking, isomerisation and reforming
1.4
Complete and incomplete
combustion of alkanes and environmental pollution
1.5
Modification of hydrocarbon fuel
mixtures and alternative fuels
1.6
Chlorination and bromination of
alkanes, reaction mechanisms and uses of products
INDEX of
ALL advanced revision notes on ALKENES - reactions and addition polymers
Bonding in alkenes, reactivity compared to alkanes,
electrophilic addition reaction with hydrogen halides
The electrophilic addition reaction
of alkenes with halogens (non-aqueous and aqueous conditions)
Reaction of alkenes with
hydrogen - uses of hydrogenation, structure and properties of oils
and fats
The reaction of alkenes with steam -
addition of water - synthesis of alcohols and the reaction of
alkenes with concentrated sulfuric acid
Alkenes
- introduction to their chemistry and addition reactions
Electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide
[HBr(conc. aq)
and HBr(g/non-polar solvent)] to form
halogenoalkanes
Electrophilic addition of
bromine with pure
bromine or in non-polar solvent
(non-aqueous Br2(l/solvent)) to give
dibromoalkanes AND addition using bromine water [aqueous Br2(aq)]
to give bromo-alcohols
Electrophilic addition of
water
[acid catalyst] to form alcohols
Hydrogenation to give
saturated alkanes
DF
Polymers
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Polymers -
the basics of addition polymer chemistry and uses
The
polymerisation of alkenes to
form addition polymers - structure, properties, uses of
poly(alkene) polymers
DF Organic mechanisms (developing fuels,
Salters AS chemistry)
Organic mechanisms - an
introduction to reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
Alkenes
- introduction to their chemistry and addition reactions
Electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide
[HBr(conc. aq)
and HBr(g/non-polar solvent)] to form
halogenoalkanes
Electrophilic addition of
bromine with pure
bromine or in non-polar solvent
(non-aqueous Br2(l/solvent)) to give
dibromoalkanes AND addition using bromine water [aqueous Br2(aq)]
to give bromo-alcohols
Electrophilic addition of
water
[acid catalyst] to form alcohols
See also
Bonding in alkenes, reactivity compared to alkanes,
electrophilic addition reaction with hydrogen halides
The electrophilic addition reaction
of alkenes with halogens (non-aqueous and aqueous conditions)
The reaction of alkenes with steam -
addition of water - synthesis of alcohols and the reaction of
alkenes with concentrated sulfuric acid
DF
Isomerism
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Isomerism -
introduction-definition and examples of each type explained (several
useful pages) eg
Isomerism -
structural isomerism - general
definition - examples of types
Isomerism - introduction to stereoisomerism
Isomerism -
E/Z and cis/trans stereoisomerism
DF
Sustainability
(developing fuels, Salters AS chemistry)
Plenty of ideas on the following pages
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry Economics & Sustainability
- Life Cycle Assessment
Products of the
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industries & impact on us
The Principles & Practice of Chemical
Production - Synthesising Molecules
Fuels - a
survey of biofuels & alternative fuels,
hydrogen, biogas, biodiesel
ELEMENTS FROM THE SEA (ES)
ES Formulae, equations and amount of
substance
(Elements of the sea, Salters AS chemistry)
Chemical Calculations - Index
(lots of pages to browse through, examples and quizzes on the basics!)
eg
Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products
from equations
(NOT using
moles) and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield,
atom economy
and formula mass determination
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass) including use of Avogadro Constant
Atom economy
- definition and calculations
ES
Redox
(Elements of the sea, Salters AS chemistry)
Oxidation
numbers & oxidation state
Analysing and
constructing REDOX reactions
Electrolysis and cells (lots of linked pages, theory,
apparatus, examples explained etc.) eg
INTRODUCTION to electrolysis - electrolytes,
non-electrolytes, electrode equations
Electrolysis of acidified water (dilute sulfuric acid)
and some sulfate salts and alkalis
Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine)
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution
and electroplating
Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
(and other molten ionic compounds)
Electrolysis of copper(II)
chloride solution
Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid
ES Inorganic chemistry and the periodic table
(Elements of the sea, Salters AS chemistry)
Periodic table The Group 7/17 halogens (9 linked pages)
ES
Equilibria
(Elements of the sea, Salters AS chemistry)
Chemical
equilibria introduction - reversible reactions,
dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle
Chemical
equilibria - applying Le Chatelier's Principle to Industrial
Processes
Chemical
equilibria - writing Kc
expressions and doing equilibrium expression calculations
OZ THE OZONE STORY
OZ Bonding and structure
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
Periodic Table - Physical
property trends in Period 2 (including
electronegativity)
Periodic Table - Physical property trends in Period 3
(including electronegativity)
Periodic Table - Important trends down a group
(including electronegativity)
Intermolecular forces/bonding - an introduction
Intermolecular forces/bonding - some further case studies
Intermolecular
forces/bonding - boiling
point plots for six organic homologous series
Intermolecular forces/bonding - hydrogen bonding in molecules
OZ
Kinetics
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
GCSE
notes for the basics of rates of reactions and investigations
(kinetics!)
The
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular kinetic energies -
temperature, catalyst, reaction profiles
KINETICS - advanced
collision theory and rates of reactions
Heterogeneous
and homogeneous catalysis mechanisms and reaction profiles
Ozone
depletion due to CFCs
OZ
Inorganic chemistry and the periodic table
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
-
OZ Organic functional groups
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
Halogenoalkanes - naming and structure (3 linked pages
and quizzes, haloalkanes = halogenoalkanes!)
Halogenoalkanes - Multiple choice Quiz on their structure and naming (nomenclature)
Halogenoalkanes - Type in name Quiz on their nomenclature
Organic nitrogen compounds - structure, classification
& naming
OZ Organic reactions and OZ organic
mechanisms
Intermolecular forces/bonding - some further case studies
Intermolecular forces/bonding - boiling point plots for six
organic
homologous series
Organic chemistry
mechanisms - an introduction and technical
terms explained
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
Reactivity trends of halogenoalkanes - introduction to their nucleophilic
substitution reactions, the substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
& water, experiments with silver nitrate solution
The
substitution reaction of halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) with sodium/potassium hydroxide to
give alcohols
The
substitution reaction between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes) and ammonia and amines
forming primary, secondary and tertiary amines
Halogenoalkanes
- introduction to
the chemistry of haloalkanes/alkyl halides
Halogenoalkanes - Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
to give alcohols
Halogenoalkanes - Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary
amines etc.
Alkanes
- free radical
chlorination/bromination mechanism to give halogenoalkanes
Ozone
depletion due to CFCs
OZ Sustainability
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
Ozone
depletion due to CFCs
OZ Energy and matter
(The ozone story, Salters AS chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction to the interaction of emr with matter and
calculations
Planck's Law calculation question
and
answers
WM WHAT'S IN A MEDICINE? (Salters AS chemistry)
WM Organic functional groups
(What's in a medicine, Salters AS Chemistry)
Functional Groups, organic molecule structure &
representation & organic homologous series
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Their structure and naming
(and quizzes)
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Type in name Quiz on their
structure and nomenclature
Carboxylic acids & derivatives: Type in name Quiz on their
structure and nomenclature
Alcohols and ethers - molecular structure and naming (2 pages, with
quizzes)
preparation
of aspirin:
Preparation and reactions of acid/acyl anhydrides,
including making aspirin
WM
Organic reactions
(What's in a medicine, Salters AS Chemistry)
The physical and chemical
properties of phenol and some of its derivatives and their uses
Alcohols -
oxidation to give aldehydes, ketones or carboxylic acids
(sections 9.1 to 9.3)
Alcohols - elimination of water to give an alkene
Alcohols - conversion of an alcohol to a halogenoalkane
preparation
of aspirin:
Preparation and reactions of acid/acyl anhydrides,
including making aspirin
Organic synthesis - preparation
of an ester
WM Reaction mechanisms
(What's in a medicine, Salters AS Chemistry)
Organic chemistry
mechanisms - an introduction and technical
terms explained
Alcohols - elimination of water to give an alkene
WM Modern analytical techniques
(What's in a medicine, Salters AS Chemistry)
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction to the interaction of emr with matter and
calculations
Introduction to mass
spectrometry
Index of mass spectroscopy notes -
examples of mass spectrometry of organic
compounds
Index of infrared spectroscopy notes - analysis of infrared spectra
of organic compounds
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