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Doc Brown's Chemistry
SQA Higher Chemistry and
SQA advanced Advanced
Higher Chemistry
My unofficial help-support for this Scottish Qualifications Authority
higher chemistry and advanced higher syllabuses-specifications. Each
topic or unit is linked to potentially useful revision notes sections on this website.
From these links you will also find sub-indexes of other material that
might be useful.
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brown - comments - query?
ALL my advanced A
level
chemistry revision study notes
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My page for SQA advanced standard and
intermediate grade chemistry
SQA
HIGHER CHEMISTRY (H)
SQA ADVANCED
HIGHER CHEMISTRY (AH)
INDEX FOR SQA HIGHER
CHEMISTRY (H)
Course content
includes
the following areas of chemistry:
Chemical changes and structure - the
topics covered are:
periodicity
structure and bonding
oxidising
and reducing agents
Nature’s chemistry - the
topics covered are:
systematic
carbon chemistry
alcohols
carboxylic acids
esters
fats and oils
soaps
detergents and emulsions
proteins
oxidation of food
fragrances
skin
care
Chemistry in society - the
topics covered are:
getting
the most from reactants
controlling the rate
chemical energy
equilibria
chemical analysis
Researching
chemistry
(1) - the
topics covered are:
common
chemical apparatus
general practical techniques
reporting experimental work
INDEX FOR SQA ADVANCED HIGHER
CHEMISTRY (AH)
Course content
includes the following areas of chemistry:
Inorganic chemistry - the
topics covered are:
electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra
atomic orbitals, electronic configurations and the periodic table
transition metals
Physical
chemistry - the
topics covered are:
chemical equilibrium
reaction feasibility
kinetics
Organic chemistry
and instrumental analysis -
the
topics covered are:
molecular orbitals
synthesis
stereochemistry
experimental determination of structure
pharmaceutical chemistry
Researching
chemistry (2) -
the
topics covered are:
common chemical apparatus
skills involved in experimental work
stoichiometric calculations
gravimetric analysis
volumetric analysis
practical skills and techniques
SQA HIGHER
CHEMISTRY (H)
Course content
includes
the following areas of chemistry:
Chemical changes and structure - the
topics covered are:
periodicity
Historical
Introduction to the modern periodic table and the nuclear physics origin of
elements
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20 Period 1 to start of Period 4
Periodicity
graphs for elements Z = 1 to 38 Period 1 to start
of Period 5
Periodicity
graphs for elements Z
= 1 to 96 Period 1 to
start of Period 7
Important trends down Groups
structure and bonding
Introduction to chemical bonding - why? how? and
patterns
Ionic Bonding: compounds and properties
Covalent Bonding: small molecules & properties
Giant covalent structures and other big
molecules
Metallic Bonding – structure and properties of metals
Electronegativity, bond polarity, type of chemical
bonding
More on ionic
structures and ionic bonding
Introduction to intermolecular forces -
intermolecular bonding
Case studies of
boiling points related to intermolecular forces for a variety of compounds
Evidence & theory for hydrogen bonding in
covalent hydrides, importance in other
molecules
oxidising
and reducing agents
Introducing oxidation state (with sub–index)
Analysing and constructing REDOX reactions
Nature’s chemistry - the
topics covered are:
systematic
carbon chemistry
An Advanced Introduction to pre-university organic chemistry - history,
bonding, variety and complexity
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
alcohols
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
carboxylic acids
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
esters
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
fats and oils
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
soaps
Colloids - sols, foams,
soaps, detergents and emulsions
detergents and emulsions
Colloids - sols, foams,
soaps, detergents and emulsions
proteins
LINKS to all my notes on amino acids, peptides, polypeptides and types
of proteins
Amino acids - molecular
structure, preparation and reactions - two functional group
chemistries
Protein-enzyme structure, function
and inhibition
Protein
analysis & synthesis AND combinatorial chemistry and
autosynthesis
oxidation of food
Introducing REDOX reactions
(the basics)
Introducing oxidation state (with sub–index)
Analysing and constructing REDOX reactions (with sub–index)
Organic synthesis oxidations (with summary table)
fragrances
Uses of alkenes and
occurrence of the alkene functional group in biological molecules
(terpenes mentioned)
skin
care
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained
Uses of Nanoparticles of titanium(IV) oxide (e.g. sun
cream), fat (e.g. cosmetics)
Vitamin C is a powerful free radical scavenger
Use
[SEARCH
BOX] to find out
more on free radical reactions
Chemistry in society - the
topics covered are:
getting
the most from reactants
Lots of ideas from ...
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry Economics & Sustainability
- Life Cycle Assessment
Products of the
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industries & impact on us
The Principles & Practice of Chemical
Production - Synthesising Molecules
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass) including use of Avogadro Constant
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
Moles and the molar volume of a gas, Avogadro's Law
Reacting gas volume
ratios, Avogadro's Law
and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous
reactants-products)
% reaction yield and theoretical yield calculations,
why you can't get 100% yield
Atom economy
- definition and calculations
controlling the rate
INDEX of ALL my rates of
reaction (kinetics) notes e.g.
GCSE
notes for the basics of rates of reactions and investigations
(kinetics!)
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy
KINETICS - advanced
collision theory and rates of reactions
The
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular kinetic energies -
temperature, catalyst, reaction profiles
chemical energy
Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic
reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry
experiments and resulting data (4 linked pages from GCSE level)
Index of ALL my energetics -
thermochemistry - thermodynamics pages
Enthalpy changes - thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
Thermochemistry - Hess's Law and Enthalpy
Calculations - reaction, combustion, formation etc.
Bond Enthalpy Calculations
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
Some enthalpy data patterns
The combustion of linear alkanes and linear
aliphatic alcohols
Enthalpies of
Neutralisation
A set of
structured practice Enthalpy
Questions
Fully
worked out ANSWERS to
the
ΔH enthalpy Q's above
equilibria
Starter basic notes on reversible reactions
and chemical equilibrium
Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
Equilibrium and
industrial processes
chemical analysis
Chromatography
- Paper/Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography
Volumetric titration analysis
methods and calculations (with worked out answers)
Various non-redox titration
methods and questions (with worked out answers)
Various redox titration
methods and questions (with worked out answers)
Researching
chemistry
(1)
- the
topics covered are:
common
chemical apparatus
Lots of
diagrams across my website e.g.
See for
examples of simple apparatus and their use
general practical techniques
Heating under reflux and
fractional distillation - making an ester
Preparation and reactions of acid/acyl anhydrides,
including making aspirin
Experimental methods
for determining enthalpy changes and treatment of results
Organic preparations involving oxidising
agents
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
Volumetric titration analysis
methods and calculations (with worked out answers)
reporting experimental work
(just quoting the sspecification)
Candidates must
be able to process experimental results by:
tabulating
data using appropriate headings and units of measurement
representing data as a scatter graph with suitable scales and
labels
sketching a
line of best fit (straight or curved) to represent the trend
observed in the
data
calculating average (mean) values
identifying and eliminating rogue points
commenting on the reproducibility of results where measurements
have been repeated
uncertainty
associated with a measurement can be indicated in the form:
measurement ± uncertainty.
Candidates are
not
expected to:
be able to state uncertainty values associated with any type of
apparatus
calculate uncertainties
conduct any form of quantitative
error analysis
SQA ADVANCED HIGHER
CHEMISTRY (AH)
Inorganic chemistry - the
topics covered are:
electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra
Index of all spectroscopy
pages and introduction to the interaction of emr with matter and
calculations
Spectroscopy - hydrogen spectrum
calculations
Index of emission and absorption
spectroscopy
atomic orbitals, electronic configurations and the periodic table
Electronic Structure of
atoms - s p d f orbitals - electronic basis of periodic table
Electron configurations of
elements (Z = 1 to 56), ions and the Periodic Table
Spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, evidence of quantum
levels, ionisation energy
patterns
Introduction -
VSEPR theory - lots of inorganic
molecule/ion examples
Some other molecules/ions of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur
and chlorine
shapes and bond
angles of organic molecules
transition metals
Introduction
and index for the 3d-block and transition Metals and
Data e.g.
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Vanadium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Chromium
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Manganese
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Iron
Chemistry
of 3d block transition metals - Cobalt
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Nickel
Chemistry of 3d block transition
metals - Copper
3d block Transition Metals - Complexes
& ligands
3d block Transition Metals - Complexes and isomerism
3d block Transition Metals - Electron configuration
and colour theory
3d block Transition Metals - Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula
The
uv-visible absorption spectra of some copper complex ions
The
uv-visible absorption spectra of some cobalt complex ions
The uv-visible absorption spectra
of selected titanium complex ions
The uv-visible absorption spectra
of selected nickel complex ions
The uv-visible absorption spectra
of selected manganese complex ions
The uv-visible absorption spectra of
some chromium ions
3d block Transition Metals - Catalysis
Physical
chemistry - the
topics covered are:
chemical equilibrium
Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
How to
write equilibrium
expressions and the effect of temperature on the equilibrium
constant K
How to
write Kc
equilibrium expressions, units and exemplar Kc calculations
including esterification
Equilibrium and
industrial processes
Equilibria:
Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theories
Self-ionisation of water and pH scale
Strong acids - examples and pH calculations
Weak acids - examples & pH, Ka and pKa calculations
Strong bases - examples and pH calculations
Weak bases - examples and pH
Equilibria - Salt hydrolysis
Buffers - definition, formulation
and action
Buffer calculations
Case studies
of buffer function
Acid-base indicator theory, pH curves and
titrations
reaction feasibility
Introduction to Entropy
Examples of
entropy values and comments
ΔS, Entropy
and change of state
ΔS, Entropy changes and the
feasibility of a chemical change
More on ΔG, Free energy changes, feasibility and
applications
kinetics
INDEX of ALL my rates of
reaction (kinetics) notes
Obtaining rate data,
interpreting data, deducing orders of reaction and rate expressions
Organic chemistry
and instrumental analysis -
the
topics covered are:
molecular orbitals
(mainly quoting the specification here)
VSEPR cannot explain the
bonding in all compounds. Molecular orbital theory can provide an
explanation for more complex
molecules.
Molecular orbitals form
when atomic orbitals combine. The number of molecular orbitals
formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals that combine.
The combination of two
atomic orbitals results in the formation of a bonding molecular
orbital and an antibonding orbital.
The bonding molecular
orbital encompasses both nuclei. The attraction of the positively
charged nuclei and the negatively charged electrons in the bonding
molecular orbital is the basis of bonding between atoms.
Each molecular orbital
can hold a maximum of two electrons.
In a non-polar covalent
bond, the bonding molecular orbital is symmetrical about the
midpoint between two atoms.
Polar covalent bonds
result from bonding molecular orbitals that are asymmetric about the
midpoint between two atoms. The atom with the greater value for
electronegativity has the greater share of the bonding electrons.
Ionic compounds are an extreme case of asymmetry, with the bonding
molecular orbitals being almost entirely located around just one
atom, resulting in the formation of ions.
Molecular orbitals that
form by end-on overlap of atomic orbitals along the axis of the
covalent bond are called sigma (σ) molecular orbitals or sigma
bonds.
The covalent bonding in the ethene
molecule
Proof of the structure of benzene
- sigma and pi bonding
Molecule
shapes and bond angles (3 linked pages)
The origin of colour, the wavelengths of
visible light, our perception!
uv-visible spectroscopy
theory, spectrometer, examples of absorption & reflectance spectra
explained
Physical & chemical
properties of phenylamine including diazonium
ions and dyes
The uv-visible absorption spectra
of some azo dyes
synthesis
INDEX of ALL revision notes
on the chemistry of ALKANES and the petrochemical
industry
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry ALKENES
including reactions and polymers
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALCOHOLS (and mention of ethers)
INDEX of
ALL revision notes on the chemistry of ALDEHYDES and KETONES
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
INDEX of ALL revision notes on the
chemistry of ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
An
Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical
terms explained e.g.
Free radical
chlorination/bromination to give halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes,
alkyl halides)
Free radical mechanism for cracking
hydrocarbons to
give shorter alkanes and alkenes
Nucleophilic substitution by
water/hydroxide ion hydrolysis to
give alcohols]
Nucleophilic
substitution by cyanide ion to give a nitrile
Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia/primary amine to give primary/secondary
amines etc.
Electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide
[HBr(conc. aq)
and HBr(g/non-polar solvent)] to form
halogenoalkanes
Electrophilic addition of
bromine with pure
bromine or in non-polar solvent
(non-aqueous Br2(l/solvent)) to give
dibromoalkanes AND addition using bromine water [aqueous Br2(aq)]
to give bromo-alcohols
Nitration to give
nitro-aromatics like nitrobenzene
Chlorination to
chloro-aromatics like chlorobenzene
Alkylation to give
alkyl-aromatics like methylbenzene
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
Acylation to give aromatic
ketones
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
Organic synthesis oxidation/reductions (with summary table)
stereochemistry
INDEX of isomerism
& stereochemistry of organic compounds
notes
General introduction and definition
of isomerism, structural isomerism - chain, positional, functional
group and tautomerism examples explained
STEREOISOMERISM general definition, E/Z (geometric/geometrical
cis/trans) isomerism
Stereoisomerism - R/S Optical
Isomerism examples and chiral auxiliary synthesis
experimental determination of structure
Using
moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule
(starting with reacting masses or % composition)
Introduction to mass
spectrometry
Index of mass spectroscopy notes -
examples of mass spectrometry of organic
compounds
Index of infrared spectroscopy notes - analysis of infrared spectra
of organic compounds
Index of nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1H NMR spectra of organic
compounds
pharmaceutical chemistry
No specific section written yet!
Researching
chemistry (2) -
the
topics covered are:
common chemical apparatus (2)
See previous
common
chemical apparatus
skills involved in experimental work
See previous
general practical techniques
stoichiometric calculations
INDEX of
chemical calculations sections 1 to 18 indexed
examples, notes and short tests
e.g.
Introducing moles: The connection between moles, mass and formula mass - the basis of reacting mole ratio calculations
(relating reacting masses and formula
mass) including use of Avogadro Constant
Molarity, volumes and solution
concentrations (and diagrams of apparatus)
How to
do volumetric titration calculations e.g. acid-alkali titrations
(and diagrams of apparatus)
gravimetric analysis
Determination and calculation of water of crystallisation
volumetric analysis
Part 1
Acid-base and other non-redox titration calculation questions
PART 1
Fully worked out Question Answers
Part 2
Acid-base and other non-redox titration calculation questions
PART 2 Fully
worked out Question Answers
Redox titration
calculation questions
FULL ANSWERS
and WORKING for REDOX TITRATION QUESTIONS
practical skills and techniques
See previous
general practical techniques
3d block Transition Metals - Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula
distillation
(simple or fractional)
chromatography (paper/thin layer)
Heating under reflux and
fractional distillation - making an ester
Preparation and reactions of acid/acyl anhydrides,
including making aspirin
Organic preparations involving oxidising
agents
solvent extraction
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