Doc Brown's Chemistry
US K12 honors
(K-12 honours) Advanced Chemistry
US pre-university Grade 11 and Grade 12 chemistry syllabuses
Some sections may be useful
for AP and other elective chemistry courses in the USA
Each topic or unit is linked to potentially
useful sections on this site e.g. revision notes
READ
CAREFULLY PLEASE remember that despite the fact that my 'advanced
level' pre-university chemistry notes are far from complete, and as yet, do not even cover all
the basics, but I think there is enough to start a on-site links page. By
clicking on the text and [ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY],
[INORGANIC CHEMISTRY] and [PHYSICAL-THEORETICAL
CHEMISTRY] icon
links you should find things to help on a particular topic. The
notes-quizzes are not just for your particular syllabus, but are
designed to cover, eventually, any advanced level
pre-university chemistry specification so you need to pick out the bits which
are useful for your syllabus. [Each
link opens up in a new window] [ALL
LINKS SHOULD WORK IF THIS PAGE IS SAVED]
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ALKANES and OIL:
-
Revision notes on the
structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES (and
cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple
choice
Quiz on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of alkanes
-
Type
in name Quiz on the structure & naming of ALKANES (and
nomenclature of cycloalkanes)
-
General Test on "Development of Fuels"
-
Quiz on the Petrochemical Industry
-
Matching pair Quiz on
hydrocarbon structure (Drag
and drop/printout version)
ALKENES
-
Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKENES (and
cycloalkanes) notes, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on the Structure and naming
(nomenclature) of ALKENES
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of ALKENES
HALOGENOALKANES
-
Revision notes on the structure and naming of HALOGENOALKANES
(haloalkanes notes parts 1-3), including nomenclature of many isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of
HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of HALOGENOALKANES (haloalkanes)
ALCOHOLS an
ETHERS
-
Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of
aliphatic ALCOHOLS (including classification into primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols), ETHERS, epoxy-alkanes (parts 1-2), including
isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz on
the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS and ETHERS
-
Type in name Quiz on the
nomenclature of aliphatic ALCOHOLS and ETHERS
-
Matching pair Quiz on alcohol, phenol & ether structure
(drag
and drop/printout version)
-
Matching pair Quiz on alcohols, phenols & ether reactions (drag
and drop printout version)
ALDEHYDES and
KETONES
-
Revision notes on the
Structure and Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones, including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice on the structure and naming
(nomenclature) of Aldehydes and Ketones
-
Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS and DERIVATIVES
-
Revision notes on the
structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES,
including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice Quiz
on the Structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES
-
Type in name Quiz on
the nomenclature of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & DERIVATIVES
-
Matching pair Quiz on aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acid and ester structure
(drag
and drop/printout version)
-
Combined matching
pair Exercises on organic molecular structure
ORGANIC
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
-
Revision notes on the Structure, Classification and Naming of
Organic Nitrogen Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
-
Multiple choice quiz on the Classification, Structure
and Naming (nomenclature) of Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
-
Type in
name Quiz on the nomenclature of Organic
Compounds containing Nitrogen
AROMATIC
CHEMISTRY
-
Notes on the Structure and Naming of Aromatic Compounds,
including nomenclature of isomers
-
Type in name Quiz on the nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
ISOMERISM and
STEREOCHEMISTRY
-
Organic
Chemistry ISOMERISM general definition
(use sub-index at top of page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (1) STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM general
definition (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (1a) Chain isomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (1b) Positional isomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (1c)
Functional group
isomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (1d) Tautomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (2)
STEREOISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
-
Organic
Chemistry (2a) Geometrical Isomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Organic
Chemistry (2b) Optical
Isomerism (use sub-index at top of
page)
-
Spotting optical isomers Q (hand written) (answers)
-
(2c)
Other organic stereochemistry including
amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes (including enzyme inhibition) & isotactic/atactic/syndiotactic poly(propene)
-
chiral auxiliaries
and
combinational chemistry
-
protein-enzyme structure, function
and inhibition
ORGANIC
SYNTHESIS and REACTION MECHANISMS
-
MECHANISM
Introduction
and terms used in organic chemistry (on the mechanism pages the
type of reaction, basic reaction equations and conditions are quoted which may act as a
suitable reference, also a reaction index)
-
Mechanism
of the free radical
chlorination/bromination of alkanes to make halogenoalkanes
-
Mechanism
of the free radical thermal cracking
of alkanes
-
Mechanism
of the ionic catalytic cracking
of alkanes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of
hydrogen bromide to alkenes
to make bromoalkanes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of bromine
to alkenes
with pure
bromine to make dibromoalkanes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of bromine
to alkenes using bromine
water to make bromo-alcohols
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic addition of
sulphuric acid to alkenes
-
Mechanism
of electrophilic
addition of water to alkenes
to make alcohols [acid catalyst]
-
Mechanism
of free radical polymerisation
of alkenes to form a poly(alkene) polymer
-
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes/alkyl halides)
Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion
[SN1 or SN2, hydrolysis to alcohol] and
extra notes on
kinetics, rds, molecularity, activated complex etc.
-
Mechanism:
Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by cyanide ion
to make a nitrile
-
Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic
substitution by ammonia or primary amine
to make amines
-
Mechanism:
Halogenoalkanes
(haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Elimination of
hydrogen bromide to give an alkene
-
Mechanism: Alcohols
- conversion to halogenoalkane
-
Mechanism: Alcohols
- elimination of water to make an alkene [acid catalysed dehydration]
-
Mechanism: Carbonyl
compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of
hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile
-
Mechanism: Carbonyl
compounds - aldehydes/ketones addition of hydrogen -
reduction with LiAlH4 or NaBH4
to give an alcohol
-
Mechanism
of the iodination of ketones e.g.
a 2-one like propanone (a methyl ketone)
-
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - hydrolysis with water
to give a carboxylic acid
-
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - esterification with alcohols
-
Mechanism: Acid
chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia
or primary amines
-
MECHANISMS AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- introduction to arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms
-
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene introduction to electrophilic substitution and nitration
to form nitro-aromatic compounds
-
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution chlorination to give
halogenoarenes
(similar for bromine, just swap Cl with Br)
-
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution alkylation
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
-
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution acylation
[Friedel-Crafts reaction]
-
Mechanism: Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution aromatic Sulfonation/sulfonation
to give sulphonic/sulfonic acids
-
Aromatic
hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms - the orientation of products
in aromatic substitution
Some general ORGANIC
links
-
A summary of
homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry
-
General test on type of Organic Molecule Recognition based on examples of structure and
recognition of functional groups, including isomers, so the quiz is mainly
on recognition of types of molecules and their structural features and
classification
-
Revision notes on molecule shapes - section added on the bond angles of organic molecules
-
ALIPHATIC ORGANIC STRUCTURE and NOMENCLATURE BUMPER
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
-
Type in name ALIPHATIC ORGANIC
NOMENCLATURE BUMPER QUIZ - on most of aliphatic nomenclature based on 6
combined quizzes:
alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids and derivatives (amides, acid chlorides, esters etc.)
-
Tests for organic
functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series,
reagents etc.)
-
Organic synthesis
redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols, reduction of aldehydes &
ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro-aromatic compounds (nitro-arenes) and
nitriles (use top summary table index)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
-
Part 1 "Historical
Introduction to the Periodic Table"
-
Part
2 "Electronic Structure, Hydrogen Spectrum Ionisation Energies"
(7 sections over 3 pages after re-editing)
-
Electron configurations of elements (Z = 1
to 56), ions and the
Periodic Table
-
Spectroscopy, hydrogen spectrum, evidence of quantum
levels, ionisation energy
patterns
-
Part
3 "Survey of Period 1: hydrogen H to helium He"
(1 page only)
-
Part
4 "Survey of Period 2: lithium Li to neon Ne"
(3 pages)
-
Period 2 trends & explanations of
physical properties
-
Period 2 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
-
Part
5 "Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar"
(3 pages)
-
Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties
-
Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and
reactions
-
Part 5 Survey of
Period 4 elements
-
6.2 Period 4 trends in physical properties
-
6.3
Period 4 trends in bonding and formulae
-
6.4 Important trends down Groups
-
Part 7 "Groups 1 Alkali
Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals"
-
Part 8
The p-block elements : 8.1 Group 3/13
Introduction : Boron :
Aluminium * 8.2
Group
4/14 Introduction : Carbon :
Silicon :
Semi-metals like Ge * 8.3
Group 5/15 Introduction :
Nitrogen :
Phosphorus * 8.4
Group 6/16 Introduction :
Oxygen :
Sulfur * 8.5
Group 0/18 The Noble Gases
-
Part 9
Group 7/17 The Halogens 9.1
Introduction, trends
& Group 7/17 data * 9.2 Halogen displacement
reaction and reactivity trend * 9.3
Reactions of
halogens with other elements * 9.4
Reaction between halide salts and conc.
sulfuric acid *
9.5 Tests for halogens and halide ions *
9.6 Extraction of halogens from natural sources
* 9.7 Uses of halogens & compounds * 9.8
Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions
of halogens & halide ions * 9.9
Volumetric
analysis - titrations involving halogens or halide ions * 9.10
Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry
links * 9.11 Chemical bonding in halogen
compounds * 9.12 Miscellaneous aspects of
halogen chemistry
-
Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS: 10.1-10.2
Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals and
Data * 10.3
Scandium
* 10.4 Titanium * 10.5
Vanadium * 10.6
Chromium
* 10.7 Manganese * 10.8
Iron * 10.9
Cobalt
* 10.10 Nickel
* 10.11 Copper * 10.12
Zinc
* 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt * Appendix 1.
Hydrated salts, acidity of
hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes
& ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4.
Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5.
Redox
equations, feasibility, Eø * Appendix 6.
Catalysis * Appendix 7.
Redox
equations
* Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy
changes *
Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis
and complex ion formula * Extra Appendix 10
3d block - extended data
* Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states
& electrode potentials * Appendix 12
Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures',
formulae and equations
-
Part 11A: Data tables on Groups 1-7,0, 3d-block-Transition Metals
Series, (Groups 1-18) & Periods 2-4
-
11B(i)
Periodicity graphs for
elements Z = 1 to 20 Period 1 to start of Period 4 (all re-edited)
-
11B(ii) Periodicity
graph for elements Z = 1 to 38 Period 1 to start
of Period 5
(all re-edited)
-
11B(iii) Periodicity
graph for elements Z
= 1 to 96 Period 1 to
start of Period 7
(all re-edited)
-
11B(iv)
DATA for the Periodicity
plots
PHYSICAL-THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL
CALCULATIONS
-
GCSE Atomic Structure Notes
including mass spectrometry of elements
- the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure notation,
'simple' electronic structure and the Periodic Table and mass spectrometry
for isotope analysis and calculation of relative atomic mass (Ar)
-

Chemical Calculations index - 1. to 16. sections of
explanation-examples and quizzes built into the notes, designed up
to higher GCSE and basic GCE-AS/IB
calculations
-

section 1. relative atomic mass
-

section 2. formula mass
-

section 3. simple reacting mass calculations
-

section 4. % composition by mass of a compound
-
 section 5. empirical formula
-

section 6. on reacting mass and % &
theoretical yield
-
 section
7. introducing moles
-

section 8. Using
moles to deduce empirical/molecular formula of a compound/molecule
-
 section 9. moles and
molar gas volume
-

section 10. Reacting gas volume
ratios
-

section 11. making up solutions,
concentration & molarity
-

section 12. acid-alkali titration calculations
- apparatus/analysis
-
Structured Question worksheet including Acid-Base volumetric titration calculations (answers)
-

section 13. electrolysis calculations
-

section 14. % & theoretical yield, volumetric apparatus & dilution
calculations
-
section 16.
Gas calculations involving PVT relationships, PV = nRT and determining molecular mass of a
volatile liquid
-
Structured Question worksheet on Acid-Base, silver nitrate for chloride
and EDTA volumetric titration calculations (answers)
-
Structured
Question worksheet on Redox
Volumetric Titration Calculation Questions (answers and working)
-
Experimental question style - redox titration
(ans) based on Q1 of above
Spectroscopy
-
NMR problem solving
-
Planck's Law calculation question
(ans)
Equilibria
-
Advanced
Chemistry Equilibria Part 1. Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
-
Equilibria
Part 2 Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations
-
Equilibria Part 3
equilibrium and industrial processes
-
Equilibria Part 4 Partition
and solvent extraction,
solubility product and ion-exchange
-
Equilibria Part 5 pH, weak-strong
acid-base theory and Ka,
kb and Kw
equilibrium calculations
-
Equilibria Part 6 Salt hydrolysis,
Acid-base titrations-indicators, pH curves and buffers
-
Equilibrium Part 7 Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials,
predicting feasibility of a reaction, electrolysis and electrochemical series
-
Equilibria Part 8 Phase equilibria-vapour
pressure, organic molecule examples - bond polarity, boiling point and intermolecular forces
Atomic
structure, bonding, molecule shapes and states of matter
-
Atomic Structure Notes
including mass spectrometry of elements
- the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure notation,
'simple' electronic structure and the Periodic Table and mass spectrometry
for isotope analysis and calculation of relative atomic mass (Ar)
-
Multiple choice quiz on Atomic
structure, isotopes & 'simple' electronic structure of atoms
-
Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part
2 "Electronic Structure and Ionisation Energies"
- Electron arrangements -
electron configurations and the Periodic Table - s, p, d and f blocks -
ionization energy patterns
-
Introduction to BONDING
-
Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Covalent BONDING and small molecules
-
Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures
-
Revision notes on the basics of
Metallic BONDING
-
Revision notes on shapes
and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR), ions, transition metal complexes and a section on
shape and bond angles in
organic molecules
-
States
of Matter: gas-liquid-solid revision notes
-
States of Matter
Part II More
advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour
(compressibility factors and Van der Waals equation)
-
Section
on bond polarity in organic molecules, boiling point and intermolecular forces
Part 5 Energetics
-
Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic
reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry
experiments and resulting data
-
Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments -
Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation
are explained with exemplar calculations
-
Enthalpy
of formation, enthalpy of combustion and Bond Energy Calculation
Questions (answers)
-
A Level Thermodynamics Part 2 ΔH Enthalpies of
ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity
and the Born-Haber cycle
-
Thermodynamics Part
3 ΔS Entropy and ΔG Free Energy Changes
-
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
- includes a free energy-entropy calculation example
Part 6 Rates -
Kinetics
-
Notes for the basics of rates of reactions
-
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts & heterogeneous
catalyst,
obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction,
deducing orders of reaction
-
KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions
revision notes:
Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy Ea from kinetics-rates data
and
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
-
Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability
Part 7 Oxidation and
reduction - REDOX REACTIONS
-
Revision notes on Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 1 electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation
state/oxidation number changes
-
Revision notes on Inorganic redox reactions
- Part 2 analysing and constructing full
redox equations from half-cell reactions
-
redox titration
calculation questions (all with worked out answers)
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