Doc Brown's Chemistry

Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in Chemistry (Principal syllabus A Level Chemistry syllabus 9791)

My unofficial support for this Cambridge pre-U Chemistry syllabus-specification 9791

Scroll down and each module, topic or unit is linked to potentially useful sections on this site

 READ CAREFULLY  My 'A level' chemistry notes are far from complete BUT by clicking on the links for [ORGANIC], [INORGANIC], [PHYSICAL-THEORETICAL] and [useful UK based GCSE/IGCSE revision notes] you should find things to help on a particular topic.  By following a link you will find some useful information and use the sub-indexes of key words or headings at the top of each page. To return to this page click on the <== back on the browser link bar. All the syllabus-topic-unit titles are taken from the official syllabus. I do not have time to deliver extended responses to email questions and do NOT ask for past papers. [Each link opens up in a new window] [ALL LINKS SHOULD WORK IF THIS PAGE IS SAVED]

Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in Chemistry: syllabus-specification sections

1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY : PART A

A1.1 Introductory physical chemistry * A1.2 Atomic Structure

A1.3 Chemical forces * A1.4 Energy Changes

1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY : PART B

B1.5 Free Energy and Entropy * B1.6 Equilibrium * B1.7 Gases and Kinetics

B1.8 Chemical Models and Evidence

2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY : Part A

A2.1 Periodic Table * A2.2 Main Group Chemistry (except Group 14)

2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY : Part B

B2.3 From Non-metals to Metals - Group 14

B2.4 Transition Elements * B2.5 Crystal Structures

3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : PART A

A3.1 Preliminaries * A3.2 Functional Group Level

A3.3 Lower Functional Group Level Reactions - Alcohol Level

A3.4 Lower Functional Group Level Reactions - Carbonyl Level

A3.5 Addition and Elimination Reactions * A3.6 Green Chemistry

3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : PART B

B3.7 Higher Functional Group Level - Carboxylic Acid Level

B3.8 Higher Functional Group Level - Carbon Dioxide Level

B3.9 Mechanisms * B3.10 Aromatic Chemistry

B3.11 Acidity and basicity * B3.12 Stereochemistry

4. ANALYSIS : Part A and B

A4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis * A4.2 Mass Spectrometry

A4.3 Electronic Spectroscopy * A4.4 Infra-red * A4.5 Carbon-13 NMR

B4.6 NMR of other spin ½ nuclei

1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY : PART A (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

A1.1 Introductory Physical Chemistry (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. How to understand and write chemical equations including ionic equations and work out molecular and ionic formulae from valencies or ion charges (some basic revision notes)

2. Structured question worksheet on Acid Reaction word equations and symbol equations (word equation answers * symbol equation answers)

3. Chemical Calculations index - 1. to 16. sections of explanation-examples and multiple choice quizzes and type in answer quizzes links are built into the notes, designed up to higher GCSE and basic GCE-AS/IB calculations e.g.

   • section 1. Relative atomic mass (A_r) and isotopic mass

   • section 7. Introducing moles - the connection of moles, mass and formula mass

   • Calculations section 6. Reacting masses of reactants and products and actual percent % yield, theoretical yield and atom economy

   • section 9. moles and molar gas volume and Avogadro's Law

4. GCSE Atomic Structure Notes including mass spectrometry of elements - the structure of atoms, isotopes, nuclear structure notation, 'simple' electronic structure and the Periodic Table and mass spectrometry for isotope analysis and calculation of relative atomic mass (A_r) and measurement of molecular mass

5. GCSE multiple choice quiz on  Atomic structure, isotopes & 'simple' electronic structure of atoms

6. Introduction to BONDING the following sections cover the basic ideas, but some of the advanced concepts are NOT dealt with yet

7. Revision notes on the basics of Ionic BONDING and an ionic lattice

8. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and small molecules and their properties

9. Revision notes on the basics of Covalent BONDING and giant structures and their properties and uses

10. Revision notes on the basics of Metallic BONDING, properties and uses of metals

11. GCSE Quiz on the Structure, Properties and Chemical Bonding of Materials

12.  Starter GCSE Introductory notes on reversible reactions, equilibrium e.g. ammonia synthesis

13. Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry experiments and resulting data

14. GCSE Multiple choice revision quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions a bit of basic revision!

15. States of Matter: gas-liquid-solid revision notes

16. GCSE Quiz on States of Matter (gases, liquids & solids) and State Changes

17.  States of Matter Part II More advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour (compressibility factors and Van der Waals equation)

18. GCSE Notes for the basics of Rates of Reactions - chemical kinetics!

19. GCSE Quiz on the Rates of Chemical Reactions

20. Extra GCSE notes on Electrochemistry - an introduction to electrolysis, theory, electrolysis cells, industrial electrolysis process links summary, experimental methods for electrolysis, electrode equations, simple cells/batteries, fuel cells etc. basic ideas only

A1.2 Atomic Structure (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. GCSE Atomic Structure Notes

2. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 2 "Electronic Structure and Ionisation Energies" - Electron arrangements - electron configurations and the Periodic Table - s, p, d and f blocks - ionization energy patterns, section on hydrogen spectrum and emission spectroscopy (3 linked pages)

   Part 5.1 Survey of Period 3: sodium Na to argon Ar (3 pages)

   5.2 Period 3 trends & explanations of physical properties

   5.3 Period 3 trends in bonding, structure, oxidation state, formulae and reactions

   Periodicity graphs for elements Z = 1 to 20. Period 1 to start of Period 4

   6.4 Important trends down Groups

A1.3 Chemical forces (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. The shapes and bond angles of simple molecules (VSEPR), ions, transition metal complexes and a section on shape and bond angles in organic molecules

2.   Equilibria Part 8 includes bond polarity in organic molecules, boiling point and intermolecular forces and examples of hydrogen bonding

3. Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - includes sections on bond length and bond order [section 1.4b(i)]

4.  Some notes on amino acids-proteins-polypeptides-enzymes

A1.4 Energy Changes (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Basic notes of exothermic and endothermic reactions and calculation of enthalpy changes from 'simple' calorimetry experiments and resulting data

2. GCSE Multiple choice revision quiz on Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions a bit of basic revision!

3. Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - Calorimetry experiments - Enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and bond dissociation are explained with exemplar calculations

4. Enthalpy and Bond Energy Calculation Questions  (answers)

5. Thermodynamics Part 2 ΔH Enthalpies of ion hydration, solution, atomisation, lattice energy, electron affinity and the Born-Haber cycle

6. KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, catalysts See also computer simulation of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies

1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY : PART B (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

B1.5 Free Energy and Entropy (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Thermodynamics Part 3 ΔS Entropy and ΔG Free Energy Changes and feasibility of reaction

B1.6 Equilibrium (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Equilibria Part 1. Dynamic molecular equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle

2. Equilibria Part 2 K_c and K_p equilibrium expressions and calculations

3. Equilibria Part 3 equilibrium and industrial processes (can ignore the Kp/Kc equilibrium expressions and concentrate on the application of Le Chatelier's Principle to industrial processes if don't need know about them) See also computer simulation of ammonia equilibrium composition

4. Equilibria Part 5 pH, weak-strong acid-base theory (Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry) and K_a, k_b and K_w equilibrium calculations advanced notes

5. Equilibria Part 6 Salt hydrolysis, Acid-base titrations-indicators, pH curves and buffers

6. Inorganic redox reactions - Part 1 includes introduction to electronegativity, explaining oxidation and reduction reactions and oxidation state/oxidation number changes

7. Inorganic redox reactions - Part 2 analysing and constructing full redox equations from half-cell reactions

8. Equilibrium Part 7 Redox equilibria, half-cell electrode potentials, predicting feasibility of a reaction,  ΔG free energy changes (use top index)

B1.7 Gases and Kinetics (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. States of Matter: gas-liquid-solid revision notes

2.  States of Matter Part II More advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour (compressibility factors and Van der Waals equation)

3. KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: temperature effect and activation energy, homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts, obtaining data, rate expressions and orders of reaction, deducing orders of reaction See also computer simulation of Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies

4. KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions and calculations, deriving the activation energy E_a from kinetics-rates data and Kinetic versus thermodynamic stability

B1.8 Chemical Models and Evidence (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1.  States of Matter Part II More advanced topics on the Ideal Gas Laws, p-V-T and PV=nRT calculations, kinetic particle model-theory and ideal and non-ideal real gas behaviour (compressibility factors and Van der Waals equation)

2. KINETICS - advanced rates of reactions revision notes: Selected case studies of kinetics and rate expressions CASE STUDY 4.1 Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes

   2.2a-c The Born-Haber Cycle

   PART 10 An Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical terms explained

   Also includes a mechanism index

2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY : Part A (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

A2.1 Periodic Table (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Periodicity graphs for elements Z = 1 to 20 Period 1 to start of Period 4

2.  Periodicity graph for elements Z = 1 to 38 Period 1 to start of Period 5

3.  Periodicity graph for elements Z = 1 to 96 Period 1 to start of Period 7

4. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 4 "Survey of Period 2 Elements and Trends" (3 linked pages)

5. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 5 "Survey of Period 3 Elements and Trends" (3 linked

   1. Basic redox definitions

   2. Introducing oxidation state (with sub–index)

   3. Oxidation state rules–guidelines & inorganic examples

   4. Naming inorganic compounds

   5. Using oxidation states to describe redox changes in inorganic reactions (with sub–index)

   6. Constructing full inorganic redox equations from half–equations (with sub–index)

   Revision notes on all you need to know on ATOMIC STRUCTURE for advanced level Appendix 3 on allotropes

A2.2 Main Group Chemistry (except Group 14) (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Part 9 Group 7/17 The Halogens 9.1 Introduction, trends & Group 7/17 data * 9.2 Halogen displacement reaction and reactivity trend  * 9.3 Reactions of halogens with other elements * 9.4 Reaction between halide salts and conc. sulfuric acid * 9.5 Tests for halogens and halide ions * 9.6 Extraction of halogens from natural sources * 9.7 Uses of halogens & compounds * 9.8 Oxidation & Reduction - more on redox reactions of halogens & halide ions * 9.9 Volumetric analysis - titrations involving halogens or halide ions * 9.10 Ozone, CFC's and halogen organic chemistry links * 9.11 Chemical bonding in halogen compounds * 9.12 Miscellaneous aspects of halogen chemistry

2. Redox analysis of the reaction of chlorine with sodium hydroxide (Redox Part 2, Example 5.14) and other examples involving halogen reactions: 5.2, 5.12, 6.2, 6.6, 6.10, 6.11and 6.12 (there is an index for the redox reactions described.

3. Group 5/15 Introduction : Nitrogen : Phosphorus * 8.4 Group 6/16 Introduction : Oxygen : Sulfur

4. Extra GCSE Industrial Chemistry Notes - section on limestone and decomposition of carbonates (index at top of page)

5. Periodic Table: detailed Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 7 Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals - section of decomposition of carbonates and explanation of stability trend (section 7.11)

6. Thermodynamics Part 1: Thermochemistry - Discussion of halogen and halogen bond enthalpies [section 1.4b

   7.9 Group 1/2 Alkali/Alkaline Earth Metals - Carbonates & hydrogen carbonates

2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY : Part B (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

B2.3 From Non-metals to Metals Group 14 (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Group 4/14 Introduction : Carbon : Silicon : Semi-metals like Ge

B2.4 Transition Elements (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. INORGANIC Part 10 3d block TRANSITION METALS sub-index: 10.1-10.2 Introduction 3d-block Transition Metals * 10.3 Scandium * 10.4 Titanium * 10.5 Vanadium * 10.6 Chromium * 10.7 Manganese * 10.8 Iron * 10.9  Cobalt * 10.10 Nickel * 10.11 Copper * 10.12 Zinc * 10.13 Other Transition Metals e.g. Ag and Pt

2. TRANSITION METALS continued: Appendix 1. Hydrated salts, acidity of hexa-aqua ions * Appendix 2. Complexes & ligands * Appendix 3. Complexes and isomerism * Appendix 4. Electron configuration & colour theory * Appendix 5. Redox equations, feasibility, E^ø * Appendix 6. Catalysis * Appendix 7. Redox equations * Appendix 8. Stability Constants and entropy changes * Appendix 9. Colorimetric analysis and complex ion formula * Appendix 10 3d block - extended data * Appendix 11 Some 3d-block compounds, complexes, oxidation states & electrode potential chart * Appendix 12 Hydroxide complex precipitate 'pictures', formulae and equations

B2.5 Crystal Structures (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

2.2a-c The Born-Haber Cycle

3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : PART A (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

A3.1 Preliminaries (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. The shapes and bond angles of simple molecules - section on bond angles in organic molecules

2. A summary of homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry (look for 'general formulae' and links to organic molecular structure and nomenclature/naming pages)

3. The structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKANES (and cycloalkanes) nomenclature of isomers

4. Revision notes on the structure & naming (nomenclature) of ALKENES (and cycloalkanes) notes

5. Notes on the Structure and Naming of Aromatic Compounds

6. Revision notes on the structure and naming of HALOGENOALKANES/HALOALKANES and classification into primary (prim)/secondary (sec)/tertiary (tert)

7. Revision notes on the structure and naming (nomenclature) of aliphatic ALCOHOLS Part 1 Classification into primary (prim), secondary (sec) and tertiary (tert)

8. Revision notes on the Structure and Naming of Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones

9. Revision notes on the structure and naming of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES

10. Revision notes on the Structure, Classification and Naming of Organic Nitrogen Compounds

11.  Organic Chemistry ISOMERISM general definition and links to types of isomerism notes (use sub-index at top of page)

12.  Organic Chemistry (1) STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

13.  Organic Chemistry (1a) Chain isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

14.  Organic Chemistry (1a) Chain isomerism (Ex 1a.1 discusses alkane isomers, intermolecular forces and boiling point)

15.  Organic Chemistry (1b) Positional isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

16.  Organic Chemistry (1c) Functional group isomerism (use sub-index at top of page)

17.  Organic Chemistry (2) STEREOISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

18.  Organic Chemistry (2a) Geometrical Isomerism (E/Z) was called cis/trans) (use sub-index at top of page)

19.  Organic Chemistry (2b) Optical Isomerism (R/S isomerism) (use sub-index at top of page)

20.  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY MECHANISMS INDEX - Including an introduction to TYPES of ORGANIC REACTION and terms used in organic chemistry

A3.2 Functional Group Level (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. A summary of homologous series, functional group names and structure in Organic Chemistry (look for 'general formulae' and links to organic molecular structure and nomenclature/naming pages)

2. Organic synthesis redox reactions - includes discussion of functional group level in Appendix 1.

A3.3 Lower Functional Group Level Reactions - Alcohol Level (Pre-U chemistry)

INDEX of ALL revision notes on ALDEHYDES and KETONES

1.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes/alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion [S_N1 or S_N2, hydrolysis to alcohol] (introduction to, and example of, nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes) (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

2.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion to make a nitrile (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

3.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by ammonia or primary amine to make amines (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

4. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes (section 9.1 etc.)

A3.4 Lower Functional Group Level Reactions - Carbonyl Level (Pre-U chemistry)

INDEX of ALL revision notes on ALDEHYDES and KETONES

1. Qualitative Analysis: Tests for organic functional groups notes (use alphabetical index for homologous series, reagents etc.) (alphabetical keyword index at top of page)

2.  Mechanism: Carbonyl compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

3. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including reduction of aldehydes/ketones (section 8.2)

A3.5 Addition and Elimination Reactions (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Organic synthesis redox reactions - reduction of alkenes to alkanes (section 8.1)

2.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes to make bromoalkanes (introduction and example of electrophilic addition to alkenes) (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

3.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of bromine to alkenes with pure bromine to make dibromoalkanes  (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

4.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of bromine to alkenes using bromine water to make bromo-alcohols (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

5.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of water to alkenes to make alcohols [acid catalyst] (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

6.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Elimination of hydrogen bromide to give an alkene (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

7. GCSE notes on Oil polymers of alkenes to make plastics

8. Extra GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - An introduction to polymer structure addition and condensation polymers  (basic ideas in sections 4b and 4c

A3.6 Green Chemistry (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. Calculations section 6. Reacting masses of reactants and products and actual percent % yield, theoretical yield and atom economy

2. Calculations section 14. More on % actual and theoretical yield and atom economy (sub-index near top of page)

   Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industry Economics & Sustainability - Life Cycle Assessment

   Products of the Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industries & impact on us

3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : PART B (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

B3.7 Higher Functional Group Level - Carboxylic Acid Level (Pre-U chemistry)

1.  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - hydrolysis with water to give a carboxylic acid (general equations and reaction conditions quoted too)

2.  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - esterification with alcohols (general equations and reaction conditions quoted too)

3.  Mechanism: Acid chlorides/acyl chlorides - nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions - amide formation with ammonia or primary amines (general equations and reaction conditions quoted too)

4. GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - An introduction to addition polymers

5. GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - comparing addition and condensation polymers 

6. GCSE Organic Chemistry Notes - preparation of an ester (described in section 4a)

7. Organic synthesis redox reactions - including reduction of aldehydes/carboxylic acids and nitriles (section 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4)

   INDEX of all revision notes on CARBOXYLIC ACIDS and DERIVATIVES

B3.8 Higher Functional Group Level - Carbon Dioxide Level (Pre-U chemistry)

1. -

B3.9 Mechanisms (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

PART 10 An Introduction to organic chemical reaction mechanisms and technical terms explained

Also includes a mechanism index

1.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes/alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by water/hydroxide ion [S_N1 or S_N2, hydrolysis to alcohol] (introduction to, and example of, nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes) (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation) AND  extra notes on kinetics, rds, molecularity, activated complex etc.

2.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ion to make a nitrile (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

3.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Nucleophilic substitution by ammonia or primary amine to make amines (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

4.  Mechanism: Halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes, alkyl halides) Elimination of hydrogen bromide to give an alkene (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

5.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes to make bromoalkanes (introduction and example of electrophilic addition to alkenes) (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

6.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of bromine to alkenes with pure bromine to make dibromoalkanes  (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

7.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of bromine to alkenes using bromine water to make bromo-alcohols (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

8.  Mechanism of electrophilic addition of water to alkenes to make alcohols [acid catalyst] (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

9.  Mechanism: Carbonyl compounds - aldehydes/ketones nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to give a hydroxynitrile (includes reagents, reaction conditions and exemplar balanced equations showing product formation)

B3.10 Aromatic Chemistry (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

INDEX of all AROMATIC COMPOUND chemistry revision notes many detailed pages written after the pages listed below

1. Enthalpies of hydrogenation as evidence for benzene ring structure in section 1.4d

2.  AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS - introduction to arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms links to various reactions including equation and reaction conditions

3.  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene introduction to electrophilic substitution and nitration to form nitro-aromatic compounds (basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)

4.  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution chlorination to give halogenoarenes  (similar for bromine, just swap Cl with Br) (basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)

5.  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution alkylation [Friedel-Crafts reaction] (basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)

6.  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution acylation [Friedel-Crafts reaction] (basic equation, reagents and reaction conditions given)

7.  Aromatic hydrocarbons - arene electrophilic substitution mechanisms - the orientation of products in aromatic substitution

B3.11 Acidity and Basicity  (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

7.11 The physical and chemical properties of benzoic acid and selected derivatives

B3.12 Stereochemistry (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1.  Organic Chemistry (2) STEREOISOMERISM general definition (use sub-index at top of page)

2.  Organic Chemistry (2b) Optical Isomerism (R/S isomerism) (use sub-index at top of page)

4. ANALYSIS : Part A (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

A4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: Chemical Identity Tests - Gives descriptions of lots of tests for gases, ions - cations and anions, organic functional groups/homologous series etc. (keyword alphabetical index at top of page)

2. section 7. Introducing moles - the connection of moles, mass and formula mass

3. section 8. Using moles to deduce empirical/molecular formula of a compound/molecule starting with reacting masses or % composition by mass

4. section 9. moles and molar gas volume and Avogadro's Law

5. section 10. Reacting gas volume ratios, Avogadro's Law and Gay-Lussac's Law

6. section 11. Making up solutions - concentration & molarity

7. section 12. Volumetric acid-alkali titration easy calculations - apparatus/analysis

8. Structured Question worksheet including acid-base volumetric titration calculations (answers)

   Redox titration calculation questions

   FULL ANSWERS and WORKING for REDOX TITRATION QUESTIONS

A4.2 Mass Spectrometry (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

1. GCSE Mass spectrometry of elements - mass spectrometers - basic ideas and measurement of molecular mass

   15.1 Index of mass spectroscopy notes - examples of mass spectrometry of organic compounds

A4.3 Electronic Spectroscopy (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

15.0 Index of all spectroscopy pages and introduction

1. Periodic Table Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Notes Part 2 "Electronic Structure and Ionisation Energies"  section on hydrogen spectrum and emission spectroscopy (section 2.6)

   15.5 Index of emission and absorption spectroscopy including colorimetry and flame photometry

A4.4 Infra-red (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

15.0 Index of all spectroscopy pages and introduction

1. SIMPLE introductory NMR problem solving with % composition and infra-red absorption data

   15.2 Index of infrared spectroscopy notes - analysis of infrared spectra of organic compounds

A4.5 Carbon-13 NMR (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

15.0 Index of all spectroscopy pages and introduction

15.4 Index of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ¹³C NMR spectra of organic compounds

4. ANALYSIS : Part B (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

B4.6 NMR of other spin ½ nuclei (Cambridge Pre-U chemistry)

15.0 Index of all spectroscopy pages and introduction

15.3 Index of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ¹H NMR spectra of organic compounds

Appendix 1 Practical Assessment

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Cambridge Pre-U-CHEMISTRY - PAST PAPERS practice papers and mark schemes

November 2020

 Doc Brown's Chemistry 

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