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Revision notes explaining theory of hydrogen bonding & evidence for hydrogen bonding
AQA Advanced A level Chemistry Edexcel Advanced A level Chemistry OCR Advanced A level Chemistry A OCR Salters Advanced A level Chemistry B
8.6
The evidence for, and the theory of, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides
and its importance in other molecules
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Brown's Chemistry Advanced Level Pre-University Chemistry Revision Study
Notes for UK IB KS5 A/AS GCE advanced level physical theoretical chemistry
students US K12 grade 11 grade 12 theoretical chemistry What evidence is there for hydrogen bonding in covalent hydrides? Why do hydrogen fluoride, water and ammonia have much higher boiling points than expected? Graphs of boiling point versus hydride formula/period are presented and discussed with reference to the intermolecular forces (intermolecular bonding involved). The structure of ice and the anomalous density of water and important examples of hydrogen bonded molecules in biochemistry are also discussed. Sub-index for this page
Part 8 sub–index: 8.1 Vapour pressure origin and examples * 8.2.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces * 8.2.2 Detailed comparative discussion of boiling points of 8 organic molecules * 8.3 Boiling point plots for six organic homologous series * 8.4 Other case studies of boiling points related to intermolecular forces * 8.5 Steam distillation – theory and practice * 8.6 Evidence and theory for hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides * 8.7 Solubility of covalent compounds, miscible and immiscible liquids Advanced Equilibrium Chemistry Notes Part 1. Equilibrium, Le Chatelier's Principle–rules * Part 2. Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and calculations * Part 3. Equilibrium and industrial processes * Part 4. Partition, solubility product and ion–exchange * Part 5. pH, weak–strong acid–base theory and calculations * Part 6. Salt hydrolysis, Acid–base titrations–indicators, pH curves and buffers * Part 7. Redox equilibria, half–cell electrode potentials, electrolysis and electrochemical series 8.6.1 The evidence and theory of hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides The anomalous boiling points of NH3, H2O and HF from the period 2 (group head) elements N, O and F
TOP OF PAGE and page sub-index 8.6.2 Hydrogen bonding - the structure of ice and anomalous density of water
Before discussing the structure of ice we need to look at the anomalous density behaviour of water. Left graph - density versus temperature for a typical liquid:
Right graph -density versus temperature for water: You also need to refer to the diagrams of ice structure below, as well as the graphs above.
Ice diagram (i): A rough sketch of the arrangement of hydrogen bonds to give the open crystal structure of ice.
Ice diagram (ii): The roughly tetrahedral arrangement of the oxygen atoms of the water molecule which are linked by a combination of an O-H covalent bond (O-H) and a hydrogen bond ().
Hydrogen bonding is the strongest type of intermolecular force.
Another important consequence of hydrogen bonding in biology
TOP OF PAGE and page sub-index 8.6.3 Other examples of hydrogen bonding
[SEARCH BOX] ignore adverts at to WHAT NEXT? Part 8 sub–index: 8.1 Vapour pressure origin and examples * 8.2.1 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces * 8.2.2 Detailed comparative discussion of boiling points of 8 organic molecules * 8.3 Boiling point plots for six organic homologous series * 8.4 Other case studies of boiling points related to intermolecular forces * 8.5 Steam distillation – theory and practice * 8.6 Evidence and theory for hydrogen bonding in simple covalent hydrides * 8.7 Solubility of covalent compounds, miscible and immiscible liquids
Advanced Equilibrium Chemistry Notes
Index: Part 1. Equilibrium,
Le Chatelier's Principle–rules * Part 2. Kc and Kp equilibrium expressions and
calculations * Part 3.
Equilibrium and industrial processes * Part 4.
Partition,
solubility product and ion–exchange * Part 5.
pH, weak–strong acid–base theory and
calculations * Part 6. Salt hydrolysis,
Acid–base titrations–indicators, pH curves and buffers *
Part 7. Redox equilibria, half–cell electrode potentials,
electrolysis and electrochemical series
TOP OF PAGE
and page sub-index
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